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Cardiac Cycle Sequence
- 1. Volume and pressure increases in the atria as they fill by receiving blood from the vena cava and pulmonary veins.
- 2. A-V valves open when the atrial pressure exceeds the ventricular pressure.
- 3. Blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. This is 70% of filling. Where is the 30%?
- 4. Ventricles contract closing the A-V valves and atria relax and start to fill, and increase in pressure opens the semi-lunar valves.
- 5. Blood is ejected from the ventricles.
- 6. Ventricles relax, with arterial pressure exceeding the ventricle and semi-lunars close.
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When do voltage changes occur
When the heart muscles depolarizes and repolarizes
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Where voltage changes occur due to good conduction
Body fluids
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Voltage changes can be transformed into wave form recording in what?
Electrocardiogram
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Instrument used to make recordings of electocardiogram
Electrocardiograph
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P wave meaning
Depolarization of atria
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QRS wave complex meaning
- Ventricular depolarization
- Repolarization of atria
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T wave meaning
Ventricular repolarization
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1st heard sound caused by
LUB caused by ventricular contracting and A-V valves closing, louder sound
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2nd heart sound caused by
DUP, caused by contraction of aorta and pulmonary artery and the semi-lunar valves closing
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Systolic and diastolic pressures are measured only where?
Left ventricle
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Why are systolic and diastolic pressures measured only in the left ventricle?
BP and blood ejection changes are due to specific physical events during cardiac contraction cycle and to closing/opening of the mitral and aortic valves on left side of heart
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Pulmonary intercostal space
3
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Aortic intercostal space
4
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Mitral intercostal space
5
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Tricuspid intercostal space
Right side, 4 and 5
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Abnormal heart sound
Murmur
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Volume of blood that flows from either the right or left ventricle of an animal during a given period of time
Cardiac output
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Sum of the volumes of blood ejected from both ventricles over period of time
Total cardiac output
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Increase or decrease in heart rate but implies increase or decrease in function of other organ functions
Metabolic rate
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Increases all heart activities
Sympathetic innervation
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Decreases heart beat
Parasympathetic innervation
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Stretch receptors located in these two places will respond to increase/decrease in blood pressure
Aortic arch and carotid sinus
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Impulses from aortic arch are transmitted via this nerve
Vagus (10th cranial)
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Impulses from carotid sinus are transmitted via this nerve
Glossopharyngeal (9th cranial)
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Homeostasis maintained by variations of BP, respiration, and vascular responses which are controlled by..?
- 10th cranial nerve
- 9th cranial nerve
- Cardio-inhibitory center
- Vasometer center
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BP increased Respiration Increased =
Vasoconstriction
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Bainbridge Reflex
During exercise the stretch receptors transmit impulses through the vagus nerve to the centers (cardio-inhibitory & vasomotor) of the brain resulting in an overall effect to generally increase all activities of the heart and circulatory efforts.
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BP decreased Respiration decreased =
Vasodilitation
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Dynamic process where pressure waves resulting from cardiac contraction are transmitted through blood vessels
Blood pressure
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Pulse pressure
Difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
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Mean arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of PP
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Requires catheterization of peripheral artery
Direct (Invasive)
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More practical for day to day use for finding BP
Indirect (Non-invasive)
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Primary methods of indirect blood pressure determination
- 1) Doppler
- 2) Oscillometric technique
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Only measure systolic pressure
Doppler
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Part of the transducer that emits a series of high- frequency sound waves based on arterial blood flow to another transducer
Instrument amplifier box
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Part of the transducer that converts the sound wave to an audible sound
Doppler probe
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Disadvantages of the doppler
- MAP not determined
- PP not determined
- No diastolic pressure so cannot determine in hypo/hypertension
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Machine used to demonstrate oscillometric technique
Dynamap
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Oscillation amplitude increases until what is reached
MAP
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What is paramount to uniform measurements of BP
Position of patient
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What percentage of limb circumference should cuff be?
40%
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How to prepare surface of animal when using transducer
- Clip hair
- Apply coupling gel
- Apply cuff
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If cuff is too wide it will result in what
Lower reading
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If cuff not wide enough will result in
Higher readings and it will pop off
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3 factors that effect BP
- Anxiety
- Natural movement of limbs
- Pressure of cuff width
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Hypotension can result in
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Administration of various meds
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Most common complication of anesthesia
Hypotension
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Prolonged hypotension leads to
Hypoxia, cerebral hypoxia, and cardiac muscle ischemia
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Manifestations of hypotension
- Cool extremities
- Prolonged CRT
- Diminished consciousness
- Little to not urine output
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Retinal vessels become twisted resulting in retinal edema, hemorrhage, and blindess
Hypertensive retinopathy
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Blood vessel walls become thick leading to reduced blood flow with damage to nephrons
Kidney failure
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Enlargement of left ventricle leads to reduced blood flow, arteries constrict to increase blood pressure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
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Two classifications of hypertension
- Primary (Idiopathic)
- Secondary
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Diseases known to cause hypertension
- Cushings syndrome
- Hyperthyroidism
- Diabetes mellitus
- Renal disease
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Highest point of arterial pressure obtained where
Peak of left ventricle contraction (systole)
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Lowest pressure in arteries occurs when
Left ventricle relaxed (diastole)
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BP expressed in what measurement
mmHG
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Blood vessels reduce the blood flow but increase the BP
Constriction
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Blood vessels increase the blood flow and decrease the blood pressure
Dilation
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Oxygen reduced its concentration the blood vessels dilate and more blood is permitted to flow so that oxygen is replenished
Autoregulation
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Refers to the physical factors associated with the exchange of fluid between the blood and interstitial fluid at level of the capillaries
Capillary dynamics
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Two types of colloidal pressure
- Plasma Colloidal Pressure (oncotic pressure)= 28mmHg
- Interstitial Fluid Colloidal Pressure = 5 mmHg
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Substances that are in particle form when dispersed in solvent, lava lamp like
Colloid
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Imbalance of bulk flow and fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces
Edema
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Situations that may be seen with edema
- High capillary pressure
- Low blood protein concentration
- Lymphatic blockage
- Increased porosity
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