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What kind of organisms live in high salt environments?
Halophiles
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What kind of organisms live in acidic conditions?
Acidophiles
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What kind of organisms live in basic conditions?
Basophiles
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What kind of organisms live in high temperatures?
Thermophiles
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What kind of organisms live in normal temperatures?
Mesophiles
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What kind of organisms live in low temperatures?
Psychrophiles
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What kind of organisms need O2?
Aerobic
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What kind of organisms can live with or without O2?
Faculative Anerobes
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What kind of organisms do not need O2 to live?
Anerobes
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What are the levels of organism classification?
Kingdom (5 kingdoms)
Phylum (sub phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came Over From Germany Swimming
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How many kingdoms are there?
5 Kingdoms
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Name the kingdoms.
Monera
Protista
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
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How are Humans classified?
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum – Choridata (vertebrata)
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - Sapien
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True or False: Classical Naming System is Used by Bioengineers and most Scientists.
False. It is too cumbersome. They will use the genus and species part but other than that am alternative system is used.
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What is included in the alternative classification system?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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What classifies a prokaryote?
no nucleus, bacteria
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What classifies a eukaryote?
have nucleus, animal cells, plant cells, algae, protozoa, fungi (molds, yeast)
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Name is structure.
Prokaryote
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What is cytoplasm?
generic name for everything inside cell
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What is DNA?
nucleoid, genetic info
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What are ribosomes?
rRNA and protein, site of protein Synthesis
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What is flagellum?
motility
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What is plasma membrane?
containment
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What is cell wall?
rigid barrier
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What is capsule?
protective polysaccharide (slime)
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What is pilus?
attachment
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Name some gram positive bacteria.
- Staphylococcus
- Aureus (cocci)
- Staphylococcus
- Epidermis (cocci)
- Streptococcus
- Pyogenes (cocci) - Rhumatic Fever, Respiratory infection Strep
- Throat.
- Clostridium
- Botulinum (rod) - Botulism, Toxin
- Clostridium
- Perfringes (rod) - gas gangrene
- Clostridium
- Tetani (rod) - tetanus
- Bacillus
- Anthracis (rod) - Anthrax
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Name some gram negative bacteria.
- Neisseria
- Gonnorrhoeae (cocci) -
- Neisseria
- Meningitidis (cocci) - bacteria menigitis
- Escherichia
- Coli (rod) - food borne infection
- Salmonella
- Typhi (rod) - Typhoid Fever
- Pseudomonas
- Aeruginosa (rod) - Resp. infection
- Vibrio
- Cholerae (vibrio) - Cholera
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What is the method for testing gram positive/negative?
Stain cells (on slide) in Crystal Violet for 1-2 minutes then pour off stain
Flood slide with Gram’s Iodine for 1-2 minutes
Wash slide briefly with acetone to decolorize (1-3 seconds)
Wash slide with water
Flood slide with Safranin Counterstain for 1-2 minutes.
Wash slide with water and then dry it.
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Gram positive bacteria stain what color?
Purple
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Gram negative bacteria stain what color?
Pink
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What is the name of prokaryotic cell division?
Binary Fission
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What are the steps of binary fission?
- 1) Chromosome
- 2) DNA duplicates
- 3) Cell grows and separates
- 4) two daughter cells
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Name this structure.
Eukaryote
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What is the structure of a eukaryotic cell membrane?
phospholipid bilayer
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What does hydrophillic mean?
water loving
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What does hydrophobic mean?
Water fearing
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What is nuclear membrane in eukaryotes?
porous lipid bilayer
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What are chromosomes in eukaryotes?
DNA
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What is endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes?
membranous network
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What is golgi apparatus in eukaryotes?
transport to cell exterior
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What are mitochondria used for in Eukaryotes?
Respiration
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What are centrioles used for in eukaryotes?
nuclear division
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What is cilia used for in eukaryotes?
movement
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What are microtubules used for in eukaryotes?
division
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What is the name of eukaryotic cell division?
The Cell Cycle
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What are the parts of the cell cycle?
Mitosis, cytokinesis, and interphase
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Which has a larger overall diameter?
a) prokaryote
b) eukaryote
b) eukaryote
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Which has a thicker outer structure?
a) prokaryote
b) eukaryote
a) prokaryote
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What options are their for the capsid of a virus?
- •Icosahedral
- •Helical
- •Complex
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Name this structure.
Enveloped Virus
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Name this structure.
Non-Enveloped Virus
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What is the name of the virus life cycle?
the lytic cycle
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What are the stages of the lytic cycle?
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What are the functions of the cell/plasma membrane?
Separates interior/exterior
Allows nutrients to enter
Keeps out unwanted molecules
Transports waste out of cell
Separates ions on either side
Prevents metabolites from exiting cell
Site for reactions of surface proteins/enzymes
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What is the main component in lipids?
fatty acids
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Name 3 types of transport across membranes.
- 1) Diffusion (passive diffusion)
- 2) Active Transport
- 3) Facilitated Transport (diffusion)
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What classifies diffusion?
No metabolic energy expended
Direction is down concentration gradient
Membrane limits rate
Water movement is a special case
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What classifies active transport?
Cell expends energy,
Movement against concentration gradient
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What classifies facilitated transport?
No energy expended
Movement down concentration gradient
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Describe Diffusion of Water.
Membrane lipids are fluid like
Lipids are constantly moving
Water enters cells through transient gaps in the bilayer structure that allow passage
Water also enters through membrane proteins
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What is the driving force osmotic flow?
The gradient of water molecules across the membrane
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Define isotonic solution.
If dissolved species per unit volume in one solution is equal to the another, then the solutions are isotonic
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Define hypotonic solution.
Dissolved species per unit volume is less than in a comparison solution. Solution with fewer dissolved species is hypotonic relative to the other solution.
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Define hypertonic solution.
Dissolved species per unit volume is greater than a comparison solution. Solution with more dissolved species is hypertonic relative to the other solution.
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True or False: Most mammalian cells and bacterial cells thrive in isotonic environments.
True
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What allows plants to stand up?
Turgor pressure
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Give an example of active transport.
Sodium Potassium Pump
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