-
paracortex is not well developed in pts with
digeorge syndrome
-
Head and neck drains to ___ LN
Cervical LN
-
Lungs drain to ____ LN
Hilar LN
-
Trachea and esophagus drain to ___ LN
Mediastinal LN
-
Upper limb, breast, skin above umbilicus drain in ___ LN
Axillary LN
-
Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upperduodenum drain in ___ LN
Celiac LN
-
Lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon tosplenic flexure drain in ___ LN
Superior mesenteric LN
-
Colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum drain in ___ LN
Inferior mesenteric LN
-
Lower rectum to anal canal (above pectinateline), bladder, vagina (middle third), prostate drain in ___ LN
Internal iliac LN
-
Testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus drain in ___ LN
Para-aortic LN
-
Anal canal (below pectinate line), skin belowumbilicus (except popliteal territory) drain in ___ LN
Superficial inguinal LN
-
Dorsolateral foot, posterior calf drain in ___ LN
Popliteal LN
-
Right lymphatic duct—drains
right side of body above diaphragm
-
Thoracic duct—drains
everything else into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins.
-
encapsulated organisms
- SHiNE SKiS):
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae type B
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella spp.
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Group B Streptococci
-
Postsplenectomy:
- Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
- Target cells
- Thrombocytosis
-
Innate immunity components
- Neutrophils,
- macrophages,
- monocytes,
- dendritic cells,
- NK cells (lymphoid origin),
- complement
-
Innate immunity resistance
Germline encodedResistance persists through generations, doesnot change within an organism’s lifetime
-
Innate immunity response to pathogen
- Nonspecific
- Occurs rapidly (minutes to hours)
-
Innate immunity physical barrier
Epithelial tight junctions, mucus
-
Innate immunity secreted protein
Lysozyme, complement, CRP, defensins
-
Innate immunity KEY FEATURES IN PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
Toll-like receptors (TLRs): pattern recognitionreceptors that recognize pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns (PAMPs). Examples ofPAMPs include LPS (gram-negative bacteria),flagellin (bacteria), ssRNA (viruses)
-
Adaptive immunity components
T cells, B cells, circulating antibodies
-
Adaptive immunity RESISTANCE
- Variation through V(D)J recombination duringlymphocyte development
- Microbial resistance not heritable
-
Adaptive immunity RESPONSE TO PATHOGENS
Highly specific, refined over timeDevelops over long periods; memory response is faster and more robust
-
Adaptive immunity PHYSICAL BARRIER S
none
-
Adaptive immunity SECRETED PROTE INS
Immunoglobulins
-
Adaptive immunity KEY FEATURE S IN PATHOGEN RECOGN ITION
Memory cells: activated B and T cells;subsequent exposure to a previouslyencountered antigen stronger, quicker immune response
-
MHC I binding
TCR and CD8
-
MHC II binding
TCR and CD4
-
MHC I Expression
- Expressed on all nucleated cells
- Not expressed on RBCs
-
MHC II expression
Expressed only on APCs
-
MHC I func
Present endogenously synthesized antigens(e.g., viral) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
-
MHC II func
Present exogenously synthesized proteins (e.g.,bacterial proteins, viral capsid proteins) to T-helper cells
-
MHC I ANTIGEN LOADING
Antigen peptides loaded onto MHC I in RER after delivery via TAP peptide transporter
-
MHC II ANTIGEN LOADING
Antigen loaded following release of invariant chain in an acidified endosome
-
MHC I MODE OF TRANSPORT TO CELL SURFACE
β2-microglobulin
-
MHC II MODE OF TRANSPORT TO CELL SURFACE
unknown
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: A3
hemochromatosis
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: B27
- MN: PAIR:
- psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, reiter's syndrome
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: B8
Grave's disease
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: DR2
multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, goodpasture's
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases:DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: DR4
rheumatoid arthritis, DM type I
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: DR5
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA leading to B12 deficiency, hashimoto's thyroiditis
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: DR7
steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
-
HLA subtypes associated with diseases: DQ2/DQ8
Celiac disease
-
Natural killer cells Activity enhanced by
IL-2, IL-12, IFN-β, and IFN-α.
-
POSITIVE (UPREGULATED )
Serum amyloid A
Prolonged elevation can lead to amyloidosis
-
POSITIVE (UPREGULATED )
C-reactive protein
Opsonin; fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis.Measured clinically as a sign of ongoing inflammation.
-
POSITIVE (UPREGULATED )
Ferritin
Binds and sequesters iron to inhibit microbial iron scavenging
-
POSITIVE (UPREGULATED )
Fibrinogen
Coagulation factor; promotes endothelial repair; correlates with ESR.
-
POSITIVE (UPREGULATED )
Hepcidin
Prevents release of iron bound by ferritin --> anemia of chronic disease
-
NEGATIVE (DOWN-REGULATED )
Albumin
Reduction conserves amino acids for positive reactants.
-
NEGATIVE (DOWN-REGULATED )
Transferrin
Internalized by macrophages to sequester iron.
-
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Causes hereditary angioedema. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated.
-
C3 deficiency
Increases risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections; susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions.
-
C5–C9 deficiencies
Increase susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia
-
DAF (GPI anchoredenzyme) deficiency
Causes complement-mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
-
cytokines SECRETED BY MACROPHAGES
- IL-1
- IL-6
- IL-8
- IL-12
- TNF-alpha
-
cytokines SECRETED BY T CELLS
-
cytokines SECRETED BY Th1 CELLS
INF-gama
-
cytokines SECRETED BY Th2 CELLS
-
What cytokine works the same as IL-10 which is an inhibitory cytokine (inhibiting inflammation) ?
TGF-beta
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