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efrain12
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What is gustation?
Sense of taste
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What is the receptor organ for gustation
Taste bud
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What is the receptor type of gustation
- Chemoreceptor
- *gustatory hairs located on taste buds feel this
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Most taste buds are found on Padilla of the tongue.. which 3 are they?
-fungiform papillae
-foliate Papillae
-circumvallate papillae
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Which of the 3 Papillae contains the highest contraction of taste buds
Fungiform Papillae
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Which has the least concentration of taste buds from the 3 papillae
Circumvallate papillae
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Which cortex determines flavor?
Gustatory cortex
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Where are the taste buds embedded in?
Epithelium of tongue
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What are taste buds formed by?
Taste cells
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Nerves which transmit taste) CN VII
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
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Nerves which transmit taste) CN IX
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Nerves which transmit taste) CN X (2)
Pharynx and epiglottis
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What is olfaction?
Sense of smell
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What is the receptor organ for olfaction?
Olfactory cell (CN I) that are located in olfactory epithelium
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What receptor type for olfaction?
Chemoreceptor
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What does the olfactory epithelium cover?
Superior nasal concha
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Steps to how inhaled air molecules travel to cortex
-olfacotr receptor cells within olfactory epithelium pick up the air molecules. They send down the signal down their axons that pass through cribriform plate. It synapses with mitral cells in olfactory bulb which the sends the signals down the tract. Tract sends it down to the cortex
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What do olfactory glands do?
deliver a mucus product to the surface of olfactory epithelium that traps airborne chemicals in order for them to interact with the nerve fibers of CN I
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What does the levator palpebrae superiors muscle do?
Lifts the upper eyelid for opening of the eyes
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What is the palpebral fissure?
Eye slit
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Accessory structures of the eye (5)
-eyebrow
-eyelid
-conjunctiva
-lacrimal apparatus
-extra-ocular muscles of the eye
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What do eyelids do? (2)
-protect the eyes
-provides lubrication across eye surface
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What is another word for eyelids?
Palpebrae
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What does orbicularis oculi muscle do?
-closes eye tightly when activated
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What innervates the orbicularis oculi muscle?
CN VII
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What causes the eye to close gently?
Levator superiors palpebrae muscle
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How do facial expression muscles work?
They change our expressions because they are connected to the dermis of the skin instead of bone so it allows the muscles to contort different expressions
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Lacrimal apparatus
-produces tears
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What controls the lacrimal apparatus?
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- **fibers are carried by facial nerve
- **that's why CN VII called tears & snot CN
- ***ex) runny nose after crying
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What does lacrimal gland do?
Continually produces tears
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Process of tears to getting through the nose
-they are produced by the lacrimal gland. It spreads out and the lacrimal canal shuttles it to the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal sac releases it through the nasolacrimal duct. This duct runs down the nose releasing the tears
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Where do extrinsic muscle of the eye insert into
?
sclera
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What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?
-superior
-medial
-inferior
-lateral rectus
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Which are the 2 oblique extrinsic muscles of the eye?
-superior and inferior oblique
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What do extrinsic muscles of the eye do?
They move the eyeball
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Which of the extrinsic muscles of the eye does not originate from the angular ring?
Inferior oblique muscle
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Action of superior rectus
Elevates the eye
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Action of inferior rectus
Depresses the eye
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Action of medial rectus
Moves eye medially
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Action of lateral rectus
Moves eye laterally
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Action of superior oblique
Moves eye down and outward
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Actions of inferior oblique
Moves eye up and outward
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Where does inferior oblique originate from?
Medial orbit
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Which extrinsic eye muscles does the CN III innervates (4)
-superior rectus
-inferior rectus
-medial rectus
-inferior oblique
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Which nerve innervates lateral rectus
CN VI
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Which nerve innervates superior oblique ?
CN IV
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How are compartments of the eye separated by?
Lens of the eye
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What is the anterior segment filled with?
Aqueous humor
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What is the posterior segment filled with?
Vitreous humor
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What's the difference between aqueous and vitreous humor?
Aqueous humor is constantly being renewed while vitreous last a lifetime
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What are the 3 tunics of the eyeball?
-fibrous
-vascular
-nervous
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Which is the most superficial tunic?
Fibrous tunic
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What 2 structures are in the fibrous tunic?
-cornea
-sclera
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Which 4 structures are in vascular tunic?
-choroid
-iris
-pupil
-ciliary body
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What is the receptor organ for vision?
- retina
- *contains rods and cones
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What is iris?
The donut shaped figure
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What is the pupil?
The center of the donut (iris)
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What does the pupil do to the light?
- It allows light to go in
- *dilate or constrict
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What can lens do?
It can alter the path of light after it passes through the pupil
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What does central artery and vein of the retina do?
Delivers blood supply to 2/3 of nervous tunic
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What is the optic disc? (2)
-blind spot
-exit of optic nerve
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What is the macula lutea? (2)
-Central area termed the fovea
- -greatest visual acuity
- *contains only cones
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What are the 2 layers of the nervous tunic?
-nervous layer
-pigmented layer
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What does nervous layer contain?
-photoreceptors cells (rods and cones) for transducing light
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Rods are used for
Dim light
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Cones are used for
- Bright light
- *color receptors
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What does the pigmented layer do? (3)
-absorbs light
-aids photoreceptor renewal
-stores Vitamin A
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Is the pigmented layer fused with nervous layer?
- no it is not
- *so retina may detach
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Which cells send fibers to optic disc to form optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
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Optic nervous structure diagram) which eye contributes to each structure : right optic nerve
Right eye
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Optic nervous structure diagram) which eye contributes to each structure : right optic chiasm
Both eyes
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Optic nervous structure diagram) which eye contributes to each structure : right optic tract
Both eyes
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Optic nervous structure diagram) which eye contributes to each structure : right optic radiations
- Both eyes
- **these take signals to optic cortex
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Where do optic nerves mix together?
Optic chiasm
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Where is auditory and vestibular systems located?
inner ear
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What receptor type for auditory and vestibular?
Mechanoreceptors
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Which nerve innervates the auditory and vestibular?
CN VIII
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What is the auricle/ pinna?
- Elastic cartilage structure
- *what forms the "ear"
- **the shape of this structure helps to deliver sound waves to the external auditory canal
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What 2 parts make up the outer ear?
-auricle/pinna
-external auditory meatus/canal
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What does the external auditory canal do?
Directs the sound waves to bounce off the tympanic membrane
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What does the middle ear contain?
- Tympanic cavity
- *air filled space
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Middle ear) what are the 3 ossicles?
-malleous
-incus
-stapes
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Middle ear) important structures (4)
-oval window
-round window
-Eustachian tube
-ossicles
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What does the oval window do?
Articulates with stapes
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What does the round window do?
-serves as pressure release for the organ of hearing, cochlea
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What do ossicles do?
Transduce sound waves into mechanical vibrations
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Which of the ossicles articulates with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
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Which of the ossicles articulates with oval window of cochlea?
Stapes
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3 structures in inner ear
-cochlea
-vestibule and semicircular canals
-vestibulochochlear
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Inner ear: what happens to CN VIII here?
- It splits into 2 to innervates both receptor organs
- *vestibular and cochlear nerve
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Cochlea) 2 external features
-oval window articulates with stapes
-round window acts as a pressure release
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Cochlea) internal feature
Cochlear duct contains organ of corti to transduce vibrations into sound
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What is the receptor of sound?
Organ of corti within the cochlea
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What innervates the receptor of hearing
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Where is the organ of corti located?
In cochlear duct
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Where does the organ of corti rests?
On the basilar membrane
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What does the organ of corti contain?
Cell receptors for sound
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Tectorial membrane and outer hair cells
The Tectorial membrane moves by the sound waves simulating the hair cells which then stimulate the cochlear nerve below
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What are both vestibule and semicircular canals involved in?
Maintaining equilibrium
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What does the vestibule contain?
The maculae within saccule and utricle
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What does vestibule respond to? (2)
-Static/linear forces of head position
-gravitational pull
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What do semi-circular canals contain?
Each contains the Cristal ampullaris with Cuppula
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What do semicircular canals respond to
- Dynamic/angular movements of the head
- *suddenly rotaing head
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What does macula of utricle respond to...(2)
-horizontal movements
-tilting head side to side
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What does macula of saccule respond to?
- Vertical movements
- *falling down or straight up
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structure of macula) otoliths
Crystalline structures within inner ear which are embedded in otolith membrane
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structure of macula) otolith membrane
- When we move, the membrane moves, ruffling the hair cells underneath
- *this is sensed as changed position
- *each hair cell has nerve fiber attached to it
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What are the 3 semicircular canals?
-Anterior
-posterior
-lateral
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What do the semicircular canals contain?
structure of Crista ampularis
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What does the Crista ampularis respond to?
Changes in velocity of head movements
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What is significant about the position of the 3 semicircular canals?
They are all oriented to orthogonal direction so when the combined feedback of the canals allow it to interpret 3 dimensions angular movement
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What occurs when cupulla & Crista interact?
- It allows for transduction of angular head movements
- *similar to the otolith mebrane
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What does Crista ampularis contain and what are they covered by?
Contains hair cells that are covered in gelatin mass, ampullary cupula
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What are the 4 receptor types?
-thermo
-chemo
-mechano
-nocipetors
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2 different receptor organs
-encapsulated or free nerve endings
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Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors ) meissners corpuscles , where are they located?
Dermal papillae
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Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors ) meissners corpuscles , respond to?
- -respond to light tough
- *called 2 point touch
- **discriminative touch
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Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors ) pacinian corpuscles , where are they located? (2)
-dermis and hypodermis
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Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors ) pacinian corpuscles, what do they not respond to>?
- Do not respond to sustained pressure
- *we forget about sitting down
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Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors ) pacinian corpuscles, what do they respond?
- Deep pressure
- *stretch and vibration
- **on and off touch
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somatosensation: general sense of pain) receptor organ
- Free nerve endings
- *unencapsulated
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somatosensation: general sense of pain) receptor type
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somatosensation: general sense of pain) 3 types of nociceptors
- -chemical origin
- *hot sauce
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What are the 3 levels of sensory neural integration?
-receptor level
-circuit level
-perceptual level
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What does receptor level do?
Sensory reception and transmission to cns
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Circuit level
Processing in ascending pathways
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Perceptual level
Processing in cortical sensory centers
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What is used to assess balance disorders?
- computerize dynamic posturography
- *CPD
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What is the CPD used for?
Assessment tool to test different centers of balance
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Cpd procedure
Apply different conditions to challenge specific sensory centers
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Which 3 sense are tested in CPD
-vestibular
-visual
-proprioception
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