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Location of secondary areas to primary
Adjacent to primary
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What do secondary areas do with information?
integrate
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What do primary areas do with information?
Direct processing of primary sensory or motor information
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What is primary motor cortex called medially?
Anterior paracentral gyrus
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What is the other name for primary motor cortex relating to central sulcus?
precentral gyrus
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What are the cells of Motor cortex?
Pyramidal cells
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What occurs within pyramidal cells?
Its within these cells that the actual command for volitional movement is generated, the AP is sent down the pyramidal tract to be delivered to target skeletal muscles
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What are pyramidal cells?
Cell bodies form cortex
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What is pyramidal tract?
Collection of axons (fibers) of pyramidal cells
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What is the motor homunculus?
- 3d representation of how it is mapped in the brain
- *the larger the part the more surface area it covers in the cortex
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Motor homunculus ) around where is the upper body mapped
- precentral gyrus
- *towards lateral side
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Motor homunculus ) around where is the lower body mapped?
- paracentral lobule
- *towards the medial
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Motor homunculus ) it only depicts...
Volitional motor initiation
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Pre-motor cortex) location to the motor cortex
It sits anterior/rostral to motor cortex
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Pre-motor cortex) function
Important in learned motor skills and planning movements
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What do brodmann numbers identify?
- Specific areas of functionality
- *of the brain
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Where are all motor areas located?
In the frontal lobe
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Motor areas) In which hemisphere is Brocas area located?
Left hemisphere
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Motor areas) whats brodman number for brocaarea?
#44 & #45
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Main function of Broca area
Motor for speech
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#44 of brodmanns numebrs
-primary speech cortex
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#45 of brodmanns numbers
Motor association area for speech
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What is an example of hemisphere dominance?
Speech center and ability to form words located only in left hemisphere
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What occurs if there are lesions to the Boca's areas?
- Difficulty forming speech
- *expressive aphasia
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Even if there are lesions to Boca's area, what still functions (2)
-understanding language
-motor control of mouth
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Primary sensory areas) localization of function in cerebral lobes: somato-sensory
Anterior parietal lobe
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Primary sensory areas) localization of function in cerebral lobes: visual
Occipital lobe
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Primary sensory areas) localization of function in cerebral lobes: auditory
Temporal
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Primary sensory areas) localization of function in cerebral lobes: olfactory (2)
-uncut in temporal lobe
-inferior frontal lobe
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Primary sensory areas) localization of function in cerebral lobes: gustatory (2)
insula
-within parietal
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Difference between where sensation and motor places are located?
Motor is centered in frontal lobe while sensation is spread out in cerebrum
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What are the 2 names for somato-sensory primary cortex
- -post central gyrus
- * on the lateral side
- -posterior paracentral gyrus
- *on the medial side
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Somato-sensory primary cortex) It is involved in general sense only meaning..(4)
-touch
-pain
-temp
-proprioception
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Which pathway does pain & temp go through?
spinothalamic pathway
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Does somato-sensory information cross or not?
Yes it crosses also
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Is there a sensory homunculus ?
Yes, it is mapped differently than motor
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Position of somato-sensory association area relative to Post-central gyrus?
It is posterior to postcentral
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What is the main function of somato-sensory association area?
Integrates sensory information
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example of what primary and association areas do (sensory)
Primary: allows you to feel the sensation
Association: is the sensation pleasurable or not?
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Location of visual primary cortex? (2)
-occipital lobe on either side of calcarine sulcus (calcarine sulcus only seen on medial side)
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What occurs in visual primary cortex?
- Visual fields are crossed
- *left eye realizes on right
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Location of visual association area
On either side of the primary visual area
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In which 3 lobes is visual association area located?
-occipital
-parietal
-temporal
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Examples of how visual primary and association work
-primary decodes the actual image that retina sees
- -association: compares image to other concepts
- *how fast is it?
- *is it moving towards me?
- *is it a ball or food?
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Where is the auditory primary cortex located?
Superior, posterior portion of temporal lobe
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Inside which sulcus is the auditory primary cortex located?
- Lateral sulcus
- *bilateral
- *left + right auditory information
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Where is auditory association area located?
Inferior/posterior surrounding primary area
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Auditory association area) Where is Wernicke's area located?
On the dominant side of the cerebrum
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What is lateralization of the cerebral cortex?
Hemisphere dominance
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Myth of cerebral dominance) what is the left side supposed to specialized in? (3)
-math
-logic
- -speech and language
- *true for 95% of right handers and. 70% left handers
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Myth of cerebral dominance) what is the right side supposed to specialized in? (4)
-intuition
-emotion
-spatial perception
-artistic and musical skills
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Is there enough evidence for the myth of cerebral dominance?
No there isnt
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Why does Wernicke aphasia occur?
Damage to wernickes area
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Where is Wernicke located?
Where temporal and parietal lobes join
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What is the main symptom of Wernicke's aphasia?
- Difficulty understanding language
- *receptive aphasia
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Does forming speech work fine or not when someone has Wernicke aphasia?
Yes it still does
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Where is Wernicke area usually located?
Usually in left but not all cases
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What process the sense of smell?
Uncus in olfactory cortex
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Olfactory cortex) where is the uncus located?
on the inferior temporal lobe
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How does olfactory signals reach the uncus?
Signals are brought up to the bulb, the bulb sends it down the tract. The tract carries the AP to uncus
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Gustatory cortex) where is the insula located?
Inferior part of the post central gyrus deep to temporal lobe and parietal lobe
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Gustatory cortex) what does the insular process?
Taste is processed by the insula
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Other association areas) what are the other association areas used for?
To analyze, recognize, and act on sensory input in the light of past experiences
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Other association areas) function of prefrontal cortex? (4)
-Complex learning skills
-judgment
-reasoning
-personality
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Other association areas) where is prefrontal cortex located?
Anterior portion of frontal lobe
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Other association areas) function of general interpretation area?
Integrates information for the purpose of what to interpret of what we sense
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Other association areas) where is the general interpretation area located? (3)
-temporal
-parietal
-occipital lobes
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Other association areas) which 2 areas does the language area involved?
-wernickes area
-Brocas area
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In which 2 lobes in language area found also?
-parietal and occipital lobes
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Other association areas) where is visceral association area located?
Inside the lateral sulcus where insula in found
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Cerebral white matter is responsive for communication between...(2)
-cerebral areas
-cerebral cortex and lower parts of the CNS
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What does commissural fibers do?
Communication between 2 hemispheres
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What do association fibers do?
Communication between lobes
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What do projection fibers do?
Between higher and lower areas of the CNS
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How does the cerebral white matter act as?
It acts as one big communication system
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What does basal nuclei/ganglia do?
Influences motor learning & function by refining the signals sent
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Where are the basal nuclei/ganglia located?
Surrounds diencephalon
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Group of deep nuclei in the cerebrum ...(5)
-Caudate
-putamen
-globus pallidus
-subthalmic nucleus
-substantia nigra
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Medially, how does Caudate nucleus shapped?
C shaped
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What's superior to lentiform nucleus?
Caudate nucleus
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What 2 structures make up lentiform nucleus?
-putamen
-globus pallidus
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Function of thalamus
Collection of sensory relay nuclei connecting subcortical regions of nervous system with cerebral cortex
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What is thalamus nickname?
Gateway to the cerebral cortex
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What does hypothalamic regulate? (7)
-autonomic nervous system
-temperature regulation
-food intake
-water balance
-sleep-wake cycle
-emotion
-endocrine system
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Why is thalamus a sensory relay system?
It direct the signals to the appropriate destination
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What does epithalamus regulate? (2)
- -sleep/wake cycle
- *pineal gland
- -onset of puberty
- *by initiating development of genital glands
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Function of subthalamus
Influences motor function
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What is subthalamus part of?
Basal ganglia
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Function of pineal gland (3)
-governs biological clock
- -regulates sleep-wake cycle
- *circadian rhythms
-melatonin production
-
What does pineal gland do in zebrafish?
Visible photoreceptor
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What does the brainstem connect?
Brain and the spinal cord
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What are the 3 parts of brainstem?
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
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Which 2 nerves originate from midbrain?
-CN III
-CN IV
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Which aqueduct runs through midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
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midbrain) what are the superior and inferior colliculi involved in?
Visual and auditory pathways
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What are the superior and infe3rior colliculi called collectively?
corpora quadigemina
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Which NT does substantial nigra produce?
Dopamine
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What does degenerative substantial nigra result?
In Parkinson
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Which 4 nerves originate from the pons?
-CN V
-CN VI
-CN VII
-CN VIII
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pons: what does pneumotaxic center do?
Controls respiration and normal breathing patterns
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Pons: where is 4th ventricle located?
Dorsal to Pons
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Which 4 nerves arise from medulla?
-CN IX
-CN X
-CN XI
-CN XII
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What occurs in distal end of medulla?
- Pyramidal decussation
- *crossing of motor commands
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Which 4 centers are located in medulla?
-cardiac
-vasomotor
-respiratory
-visceral control
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Medulla) cardiac center fucntion
Controls heart rate
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Medulla) vasomotor center function
Controls blood pressure
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Medulla) respiratory center function
Interacts with penumotaxic center in pons
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Medulla) visceral control center function
For abdominal pelvic organ control
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Where is cerebellum located?
Dorsal to pons and medulla
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What are the primary functions of cerebellum?
- -important for motor coordination
- *error correction
- **bulls eye example
- -posture and Equilibrium
- *motor tasks involving these
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Cerebellum communicates with which structures for posture and equilibrium? (3)
-vestibular system
-motor cortex
-basal ganglia
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Group of structures that belong to limbic system (7)
-cyngulate gyrus
-septal nuclei
-dentate gyrus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-hypothalamus
-amygdala
-olfactory system
-
Limbic system) septal nuclei fucntion
Reward center
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Limbic system) hippocampus fucntion
Long term memory
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Limbic system) amygdala
Stress center
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What is reticular formation?
Diffuse nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem
-
Functions of reticular formation (2)
- Functions in keeping us alert and conscious
- *reticular activating system
- Helps dampen sensory input
- *vision or hearing
- *block out background noise and background vision sensory.
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Where does reticular formation functions in? (2)
-function in the motor system
-visceral motor functions
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