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What is the function of major basic protein?
Released by eosinophils to kill helminths. Also contribute to bronchial epithelial damage in atopic asthma.
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What so basophils contain in their granules?
- Heparin (anticoagulant)
- Histamine (vasodilator)
- Leukotreines
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What type of cells are found in the bronchi?
- 1. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
- 2. Goblet cells
- 3. Submucosal mucoserous glands
- 4. Cartilage
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Where is cartilage found in the respiratory airway?
- Trachea + Bronchi
- Goblet cells and cartilage extend to end of bronchi
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Where are goblet cells found in the respiratory airway?
- Trachea + Bronchi
- Goblet cells and cartilage extend to the end of bronchi
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What type of cells are found in the bronchioles?
- 1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- 2. Smooth muscle
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What type of cells are found in the terminal/ respiratory bronchioles?
- 1. Ciliated simple cuboidal cells
- 2. Smooth muscle
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Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells found in the respiratory airway?
- Trachea + Bronchi + Bronchioles
- They extend to the beginning of the terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells
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Where is smooth muscle found in the airway?
Trachea + Bronchi + Bronchioles + Terminal bronchioles
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Describe the presentation of mononucleosis.
- Fever
- Hepatospenomegaly
- Pharyngitis
- Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy
- Caused by EBV (+Monospot) and CMV
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What is the pathology of this?
- Mononucleosis
- Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, pharyngitis, hepatosplenomegaly
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What is seen on this peripheral blood smear?
- Atypical lymphocytes- reactive cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
- Mononucleosis- EBV
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This cell surface marker serves as a receptor for lipopolysaccharides.
CD14- on macrophages.
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What is the duration of a Brief psychotic disorder?
Less than a month
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What is the duration of Schizophreniform disorder?
1-6 months
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What is the duration of Schizoaffective disorder?
lasting> 2 weeks
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What is the duration of Schizophrenia?
More than 6 months.
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What is a delusional disorder?
Unique, false beliefs about oneself or others that persist despite the facts.
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What gives elastin its ability to recoil?
- Desmosine crosslinking involving lysine.
- The crosslinking is accomplised by the action of lysl hydroxylase.
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What branch of the brachial plexus is the ulnar nerve derived from?
C8-T1
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Describe the sensory innervation of the ulnar nerve.
- Sensory innervation to the fifth digit and the medial half of the fourth digit (palmar and dorsal surfaces)
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Fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus may cause an injury to which nerve?
Ulnar nerve
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A fractured hook of hamate may cause an injury to which nerve?
Ulnar nerve
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What are the causes of injury to the ulnar nerve?
- Fracutre of medial epicondyle of humerus
- Fracure of hook of hamate
- Gyuon's canal
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Hypothenar emnience is affected in which nerve injury?
- Ulnar nerve
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Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
- Median nerveDifficulty in fine motor control of thumb.
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A fractured surgical neck of the humerus may cause injury to which nerve?
- Axillary nerve
- Fractured surgical neck of humerus
- Anterior dislocation of humerus
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Anterior dislocation of the humerus may cause injury to which nerve?
- Axillary nerve
- Fracture of surgical neck of humerus
- Anterior dislocation of humerus
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What can cause injury to the axillary nerve?
- Fracture of surgical neck of humerus
- Anterior dislocation of humerus
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Damage to this nerve causes atrophy of the deltoid muscle.
Axillary
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Describe the presentation due to injurt to the axillary nerve
- 1. Flattened deltoid
- 2. Loss of arm abduction at shoulder
- 3. Less of sensation over deltoid muscle and upper lateral arm
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What is the pathology seen below?
ulnar claw
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How does the urease breath test work? In which disease is it used?
- The patient consumes C-labeled urea and his breath is then monitored for the presence of C-labeled carbon dioxide, which would indicate the presence of H.pylori product urease in the stomach.
- Used in DUODENAL ULCERS
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Why is Valporate a teratogen?
- Inhibit maternal folate absorption
- Neural tube defects: Spina bifida, Meningocele, Meningomyelocele
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Which diseases are associated with Coarctation of the aorta?
- Turner syndrome
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Aortic narrowing near insertion of ductus arteriosus
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Bicuspid aortic valve is associated with which heart defect?
Coarctation of the aorta.
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Describe the presentation of duodenal atresia. What other disease is it associated with?
- Bilious vomiting- usually 1st day of life
- Proximal stomach distention (double-bubble)
- Associated with Down Syndrome
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What pathology is seen below?
- Duodenal atresia
- Double bubble - proximal stomach dilation
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Failure of small bowel recanalization results in?
Duodenal atresia
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What causes duodenal atresia?
Failure of small bowel recanalization.
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What is the cause of death in Potters syndrome?
Pulmonary hypoplasia
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What are the causes of Potters syndrome?
- ARPKD
- Obstructive uropathy e.g. Posterior urethral valves
- Bilateral renal agenesis
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What is Ebstein anomaly and what is a predisposing factor to the disease?
- Characterized by "atrialized right ventricle" because of a downward displacement of the tricuspid valve.
- Associated with the use of lithium during pregnancy.
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In which disease(s) is rocker bottom feet seen in?
- Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
- Pataus syndrome (trisomy 13)
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