USMLE7

• Handgrip increases afterload
• So it increases the intensity of backflowing murmurs: MR, AR, VSD
• It decreases the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur (any maneuver that increases preload/afterload decreases this type of murmur because increased LV by these parameters reduce the LV outflow tract obstruction)

• D- complement binding (located on Fc portion, closer to hinge region)
• A&B- hypervariable regions of Fab (antigen binding fragment)
• E- macrophage binding

• AChE inhibitor
• Alzheimers disease

• NMDA receptor antagonist; helps prevent excitiotoxicity (mediated by Ca2+)
• Alzheimer's disease

• Mood stabilizing agents: 
• Lithium
• Valporate
• Carbamazepine
• + Atypical antipsychoitc

• Increase NE and dopamine
• Depression and Smoking addiction

• Maculopapular rash that resolves in 3-5 days.
• Spreads from head -> Trunk -> extremities.
• Occipital/ postauricular lymphadenopathy.

• Fever
• Sore throat
• Diffuse erythematous rash with numerous small papules "sandpaper-like"
• S.pyogenes (group
• A)

HSV-6/ HSV-7

High fever that lasts for 3-5 days, which resolves following the appearance of a maculopapular rash/ diffuse macular rash that starts on the trunk and spreads peripherally.

Roseola

Rubella

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

• Scarlet fever
• S.pyogenes

Cocsackie

• Bleeding (in ventricle) usually originates from the germinal matrix whcih is  highly vascularized and where neurons and glial cells migrate out during brain development.

• Subdural hematoma

Rupture of bridging veins.

• Normal tissues/ cells found in an abnormal loaction due to embryonic maldevelopment.
• Meckel diverticulum-  ectopic acid secreting gastric mucosa and/ or pancreatic tissue

• Decrease in number of cells resulting in decreased volume/ size of organ.
• e.g. Renal hypoplasia.

Increase in number of cells.

Increase in size of cells.

Replacement of one cell type by another.

• Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation. 
• Commonly preneoplastic.

• Innervated by group 1b sensory axons.
• Maintains MUSCLE TENSION- When a muscle exerts too much force, the golgi tendon organs inhibit contraction of the muscle, causing sudden muscle relaxation.
• Note: THEY ARE INSENSITIVE TO MUSCLE STRETCH!

• Fast, myelinated fibers whose free nerve endings detect temperature and nociceptive (pain) stimuli.
• Associated with acute (sharp) pain that mediates reflex withdrawal from a noxiois stimuli (e.g retracting hand away from hot stove)

Free nerve endings- A-delta

• Innervated by group Ia and group II sensory axons.
• Sensitive to changes in muscle length (resists muscle stretch)

• Open K+ channels: INCREASING K+ EFFLUX
• Close Ca2+ channels: DECREASE Ca2+ INFLUX

Part of the exposure-disease relationship can be explained by another variable.

• UGA
• UAA
• UAG
• They DO NOT code for amino acids.
• Releasing factors stimulate release of the formed polypeptide chain from the ribosome and dissociated from the ribosome-mRNA complex

Splicing- removes introns from pre-mRNA/ hnRNA

Recognize stop codons (UGA, UAA, UAG) to terminate protein synthesis.

Facilitates tRNA binding and translocation.

S.sanguinis makes dextrans, which bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves.

• Hydatid cyst in liver (can cause anaphylaxis if antigens released).
• Echinococcus granulosus- ingestion of eggs from dog faeces. Sheep are intermediate host.
• Tx: Abendazole

• Anaphylaxis if antigens released.
• Hydatid cyst injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal.