20th century Architecture

parker & Unwin

1902-1904

purely astatic

MIT

on the job. a senior at the firm would teach them

tony garnier, circa 1901-1917

sant' elia dwg 1913

building of structures from individual laid units bound together by mortar. common materials are brick, stone, marble granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, and cob. 

highly durable for of construction.

medieval way of life, glass to replace brick

tassel house, Brussels 1892

• 1892-93
• all ideals compose of the same industrial form

bass steel, natural light via skylights

it was a rejection of industrialization style, and academic architecture, for craftmanship

William moore

function, site, materials, client, climate, date, hand or factory made, level of technology/glass technology, tempered glass, anti-glare

was against ornamentation specifically, ornamentation

is a pointed roof, roof pitch is a numerical measurement of the steepness of a roof

the unification of art and industry.

it is like a window roof point that extends from the main pitched roof.

mid term

ornamentation

• is for an individual or entity. 
• is it a wealthy individual or middl class.

if money is an issue:

remove all sloped roofs; flat roofs use less material. 

also less skylights 

concrete flooring verse wood flooring.

landscape design could be simplified 

remove ornamentation

avoid curves, triangles, trapezoids, basically any more complex shape.

build smaller

build taller rather than wide; money is saved because the roof and foundation is smaller. 

consider the size of the lot along with the property

client, budget, site, program or list of operation requirements, materials, level of technology, mode of construction, type of structure, disposition of places or the plan, lighting ornamentation, the architect's aesthetic values or architectural aims, as well as broader cultural values.

remember not all of these will be of equal importance. Determine which of these are the most important from what I see.

how close the two buildings were built? How do the two buildings compare? what do they have in common? How do they differ? How do I account for the similarities and differences?


Are they residential or commercial? What type of cities are they located? What were the circumstances of the cities and countries at that time? focus on the significant features and how they compare and contrast.

• Explain the reason for those differences. 
• geological
• cultural
• economic
• historical
• individual design philosophies

high modernist, Bauhaus, mid-century modern, international style, brutalism

art school in germany, 1919-1933, founded by walter gropius, was closed from pressure of nazi-led government. 

German modernism

1933 to 1965

The city of Palm Springs, California is noted for its many examples of Mid-Century modern architecture

emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of modern architecture

The term "International Style" first came into use via a 1932 exhibition curated by Hitchcock and Johnson, Modern Architecture

rectilinear forms; ii. light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration

open interior spaces

lass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete

after World War Two

Choice for vast-scale urban development projects, "cities within cities", intended to maximise the amount of floor space for a given site

flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s

French béton brut, or "raw concrete"

term used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material

popular with governmental and institutional clients

Fortress like, exposed concrete 

or ruggedly detailed brickwork and concrete together

rare for corporate projects

doesn't look comfortable or easy

think Chrysler building in New York. 

first appeared in France after World War I and began flourishing internationally in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War II

bold geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation

emerged from the interwar period when rapid industrialisation was transforming culture

embrace of technology

During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance and faith in social and technological progress

• Asymmetrical shapes
• Extensive use of arches and curved formsCurved glassCurving,
• plant-like embellishments
• Mosaics
• Stained glass
• Japanese motifs

modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s

Communist social purpose

• minimal
• geometric
• spatial
• architectonic
• experimental

Windows are usually square or rectangular

round windows as well, usually at the top of the building

development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s

unpredictability and controlled chaos

characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure's surface, skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope

popular during King Edward VII of the United Kingdom's reign

1901 to 1914

less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture

developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts, that especially developed and dominated in Germany

sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms

especially glass

Distortion of form for an emotional effect.

[8]Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience.

An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary.

Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept.

[9]Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations.

[10] As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its close contemporary art nouveau.

Utilises creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.

Tendency more towards the gothic than the classical.

Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the romanesque and the rococo than the classical.

Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western.

It draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek.

[11]Conception of architecture as a work of art.[9]

developed by architects of fascist societies in the early 20th century

gained popularity in the late 1920s

style resembles that of ancient Rome

lack ostentatious design, and were constructed with symmetry, simplicity, and a general lack of ornateness

scarce since world war two.

enerally very large and symmetric with sharp non-rounded edges

buildings purposefully conveyed a sense of awe and intimidation through their size

limestone and other durable stones in order to last the entirety of the fascist era

very plain with little or no decoration and lacked any complexity in design

the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building

born in Italy

strong chromaticism

long dynamic lines

suggesting speed

motion

urgency and lyricism

it was a part of Futurism, an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists

Art Deco style of architecture with its streamlined forms was regarded as futuristic

form of modern architecture, a subdivision of futurist architecture

 car culture, jets, the Space Age, and the Atomic Age

Originating in Southern California during the late 1940s and continuing approximately into the mid-1960s

popular among motels, coffee houses and gas stations

upswept roofs

curvaceous

and bold use of glass, steel and neon

by Space Age designs symbolic of motion, such as boomerangs, flying saucers, atoms and parabolas 

 the oldest McDonald's stand

Late Modernism

Structural Expressionism

emerged in the 1970s

incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design

Like Brutalism, Structural Expressionist buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside

visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal

prominent display of the building's technical and functional components

Glass walls and steel frames

Catalan modernism

 1888

café Castell dels tres Dragons

Catalonia drawing on Medieval and Arab styles

 rich variety of historically-derived elements

predominance of the curve over the straight line

rich decoration and detail, by the frequent use of vegetal and other organic motifs, the taste for asymmetry, a refined aestheticism and dynamic shapes 

think that crazy Spanish movie

neomodernist art

is a reaction to the complexity of postmodern architecture and eclecticism, seeking greater simplicity

• continues modernism as a dominant form of architecture in the 20th and 21st centuries
• '
• especially in corporate offices

reject classical ornamentation

designed to be largely monolithic and functional

contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical, historicist and traditional architecture

not a homogeneous architectural style and can appear in various forms, contemporary classical buildings might be also described with the terms Neo-Historism

a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site, that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

began as an international style

first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950

did not become a movement until the late 1970

Portland Building

in architecture is defined as "the science or art of construction, both in relation to use and artistic design

It refers not just to the "activity of making the materially requisite construction that answers certain needs, but rather to the activity that raises this construction to an art form." It is concerned with the modeling of material to bring the material into presence: from the physical into the meta-physical world

architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity

faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity

is the geometric information which remains when location, scale, orientation and reflection are removed from the description of a geometric object.[1] That is, the result of moving a shape around, enlarging it, rotating it, or reflecting it in a mirror is the same shape as the original, and not a distinct shape

the basis for system requirements. MITRE SE Roles & Expectations: MITRE systems engineers (SEs) are expected to be able to understand the users' needs based on the operational needs assessment (i.e., what mission area capability gaps need to be addressed).

Operational requirements are those statements that "identify the essential capabilities, associated requirements, performance measures, and the process or series of actions to be taken in effecting the results that are desired in order to address mission area deficiencies, evolving applications or threats, emerging technologies, or system cost improvements

the main exterior face of a building

unnecessary rain water drain