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How do you use ammonium sulfate (AMS)?
- Not super high N content 21% but has S
- Ammonium form, good for flooded
- High quality used for spray to help hard water herbicide effectiveness
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- N def soybean
- Caused by: cool wet soils, heavy rains, flooding, ponded areas, drought with low water or nutrient holding capacity
- large amounts of low N residues
- soil inoculate too low
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K def in alfalafa
spotty leaves
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slow growth
small leaflets
stunded and spindly plants
dark green to bluish leaves
soybean
P
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Why P defs
- cold soils
- too wet or too dry
- poor root growth, compaction
- low pH
- root damage
- low soil test P or positionally unavalible
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Why K defs
- sandy soil
- Low organic matter
- wet/compacted soils
- heavy K removal from prevous crop
- low soil test K
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Why Mg defs
- acid, sandy soils
- high rain fall
- very high K
- soil test below 100 lb/ac
- high rate of ammonium
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why S def?
- acid sandy soil, low om
- wet, cool soils
- rare in IN
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Why Mn def?
- High soil pH and or OM
- depressed areas
- organic peats and mucks
- poor aeration
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Why Zn def?
- High soil P levels and or high soil pH
- cool wet soils low OM
- soil compaction
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Why B def?
- drought on sandy soils
- over liming of sandy soils
- can be confused with drought or leaf hopper
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white grub with short mohawk
japanese beetle
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- brown marmroated stink bug
- nymhps look the same
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Grape colaspis
looks like a short white grub
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Stalk bore larvae
inch worms
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White grub
either no mohawk or one too long to count
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- gray leaf spot in corn
- rectangular lesisans
- July and August most
- warm humid weather, with lot of dew
- overwinters in residue
- hybrids, fungicides, tillage
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- Norther corn leaf blight
- corn residue
- moderate temperatures with long dews
- hybrid, tillage, fungicide
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- Goss's leaf blight
- flecking in the lesision
- bacteria overwinter in residue, from seeds, hail damage
- hybrids, rotation, tillage NOT Fungicide
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seedling blights
- poor emergance, pale green, die,
- water soaked regions
- seed rot
- pythium fusarium gibberella, diplodia penicillium
- fungus
- planting depth, with seed, in soil, crusting, compaction
- fungicide, good seed, right depth
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- Anthracnose stalk rot
- black pith
- foliage dies, pith disintergrates
- good early conditions then stress favor antracnose
- hybrids, tillage, minimize stress
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- gibberella stalk/ear rot
- stalk is pink pith
- wet humid conditions at silking
- hybrids not fungicides
- stalk good early conditions then stress
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- Fusarium ear rot
- pink pith for stalk
- wet humid conditions at silking
- hybrids not fungicides
- stalk good early conditions then stress
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- diplodia ear rot
- white, light weight, bottom of ear
- hollow and gray stem
- wet humid conditions at silking
- hybrids not fungicides
- stalk good early conditions then stress
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Common Rust
- pustules on both upper and lower surface
- long dew, blown in from the south
- hybrids, not a big deal
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nematode damage on corn
- early in cool and wet springs
- short stubby roots
- yellow and stunted plants
- worse in sandy soil
- yield takes a hit
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- brown stem rot
- interveinal cholrosis like sudden death sydrome
- fungus in bean residue, cool wet weather after flowering
- varieties, rotation, tillage
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phytophtrora root rot
- plants wilt and damp off
- flooded areas
- fungi
- varitiy, fungicide, plant away from flooded areas
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- Fusarium seedling blight on soybeans
- uneven stand, weak stunted
- brown purple or black lesions on the roots
- most common to seedlings and flooded 57 F soil
- Any sort of stress
- seed treatment, good planting conditions
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- Pythium/rhizoctonia in soybeans
- root in ground, or poor growth, turn yellow and die
- rhizoctonia = sucken red lesions on hypocotal
- in cool wet, compacted soils
- plant good seed good temps, seed treatment.
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Soybean cyst Nematode
- Small white cysts on roots
- attack may to august
- yellowing and stunted plants, worse when more stress
- resistant varieties
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bean pod mottle virus
- Makes the leaves puckery and virusy
- probably would need the vector
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- Sudden death syndrome
- soil borne fungus, cool wet weather followed by warm and dry
- varieties, delay planting, reduce compation, other stress
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- Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold)
- fungus lives in soil
- cool and wet weather with dense canopies
- varieties, rotation, weed control, wider rows, some fungicides
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- Asian rust
- long due periods, after flowering
- foliar fungicides
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- barley yellow dwarf
- transmitted by aphids
- genetic, delay planting, insecticide seed treat
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- powdery mildew
- moderate temps with high humidity
- genetic resistance and foliar fungicide
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- head scab in wheat
- warm and humid during heading
- varieties, tillage, fungicide
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- Rust on wheat
- heavy due and intermediate rain
- varieties and foliar fugicides
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- septoria leaf blotch
- gets black dots in the center
- starts on bottom, works up, cool, wet and cloudy
- genetic resistance, foliar fungicide, crop rotation
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- Stagonospora leaf blotch
- doesn't get black dots in the center
- wheat windy weather
- genetics, rotation, foilar and seed fungicide
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- Stagonospora glume blotch
- purple/brown discoloration on white wheat head
- wheat windy weather
- genetics, rotation, foilar and seed fungicide
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- phytopthora
- wet/poorly drained root zones
- water soaked, wither and die // leasions develop on the root
- improved drainage and reduce other stresses
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- anthracnose
- warm moist conditions
- resistant varieties, quarentine the field
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Bacterial wilt in Alfalfa
- yellow stunted and spindley stems
- yellow/brown vascular tissue
- wounded plants and nematode damage
- resistant, rotate, don't mow when wet
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- leaf spot
- Acid low fertility soils
- cool wet periods
- variety, proper management
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