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Syntax
arrangement of words and the order of grammatical elements in a sentence
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Ethos
establish credibility by appealing to people's sense of what is right (ethical)
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Pathos
emotional appeal- works on the heart (empathy, sympathy)
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Logos
logical appeal-works on the mind and what is rational (logical)
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Diction
word choice intended to convey a certain effect
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Tone
writer or speakers attitude towards subject, speaker or audience
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Imagery
consists of words or phrases a writer will use to represent people, objects, actions, feelings, and ideas descriptively by appealing to any of the five senses
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Figurative Language
words or phrases that describe one thing in terms of something else (metaphors and similes)
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Point of Veiw
The vantage point from which a piece is told (story, essay, speech, etc.)
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Details
the facts revealed by the author or speaker that will support the attitude or tone in a piece of writing
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Voice
the individual writing style of an author
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Repetition
Reuse of the same words,phrases, or ideas for rhetorical effect, usually to emphasize a point
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Parallelism
Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
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Paradox
A statement that seems contradictory but is nevertheless true
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Elevated Language
formal, dignitifed language; it often uses more elaborate figures of speech
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Inverted Syntax
Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation in the subject-verb-object order)
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Alliteration
Repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
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Allusion
Brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art
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Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines
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Antimetabole
Repetition of words in reverse order
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Antithesis
Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel constuction
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Archaic Diction
Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words
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Asyndeton
- Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
- Ex. Pay any price, bare any burden, meet any hardship
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Cumulative Sentence
Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds on
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Hortative Sentence
Sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action
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Imperative Sentence
sentence used to command, enjoin, implore, or entreat
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Declarative Sentence
sentence that makes a statement or “declares” something
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Juxtaposition
placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts
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Metaphor
figure of speech that says one thing is another in order to explain by comparison
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Universal Symbol
archetype: an original model or type after which other similar things are patterned; a prototype
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Contextual Symbol
a literary symbol; can be a setting,character, action, object, name, or anything else in a work that maintains its literal significance while suggesting other meanings
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Metonymy
using a single feature to represent the whole
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Oxymoron
Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another
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Periodic Sentence
sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end
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Personification
attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea
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Rhetorical Question
Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer
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Rhetorical/Aristotelian Triangle
the interaction among subject, speaker, and audience as well as structure and language of the argument
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Zeugma
use of two different words in a grammatically similar way but producing different, often incongruous, meanings
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Connotation
the implied or suggested meaning attached to a word, the emotional "tag" that goes along with a word
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Denotation
literal, dictionary definition (remember DEfinition and DEnotation)
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Inductive Reasoning
reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate; reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
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Deductive Reasoning
a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true (if this, than this)
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Annotation
a note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram
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Thesis Statement
usually one sentence that appears at the end of the first paragraph, though it may occur as more than one; developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples and evidence
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Topic Sentence
a sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs
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Close Reading
a careful and purposeful reading
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