Ethics

The theory on which affirmative action is based is that
A) by giving preference to traditionally oppressed minorities, we can punish the oppressor.
B) by maximizing diversity at all levels of society, we can improve social conditions and amend institutionalized limitations
C) by lowering standards for employment and education, we create a level playing field.
D) None of the above

According to Mill, why is it important to allow false opinion to be publicly aired?
A) Suppressing a false opinion makes it seen dangerous and gives it a veneer of credibility; this will give it strength among people who don't actively think for themselves.
B) Most opposing opinions have some element of truth in them; by discussing opposing ideas, we can learn the truths of both arguments and create a new opinion from it.
C) Allowing false opinions to be aired gives one the opportunity to defend one's own opinions and test the rightness of one's beliefs.  With no opposition to defend against, one cannot be sure one's opinions are true.
D) All of the above

Which one of the following cases reinforced the idea that obscenity was based on prurience alone, and not violence or degradation?
A) Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire (1942)
B) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
C) Cohen v. California (1968)
D) American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985)

Which one of the following cases set the criteria for judging hate speech cases?
A) American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985)
B) Cohen v. California (1968)
C) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
D) Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire (1942)

Which one of the following cases established that offensive expression did not fall under the category of "fighting words" or obscenity?
A) Cohen v. California (1968)
B) American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985)
C) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
D) Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire (1942)