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What is the central nervous system defined as in vertebrates?
The part of the nervous system enclosed in meninges
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The central nervous system is comprised of...?
the brain and spinal cord
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The peripheral nervous system connects ...?
The CNS with the organs and limbs
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What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Autonomic and somatic nervous systems
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What areas is the brain divided into?
- Prosencephalon - telencephalon and diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon - metencephalon and myelencephalon
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What makes up the telencephalon?
The two cerebral hemispheres
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List the different lobes the cerebral hemisphere is divided into
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
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Which ventricle is found in each cerebral hemisphere?
The lateral ventricle
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What is a cerebral hemisphere composed of?
Surface grey matter called the cerebral cortex, underlying white matter and deep masses of grey matter called basal nuclei
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What is the corpus callosum?
A mass of fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres
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Which of the cranial nerves does the diencephalon give rise to?
The optic nerve (CN II)
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What ventricle does the diencephalon contain?
The third ventricle
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Which gland is located on the roof of the third ventricle?
The pineal gland
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Which gland is located ventrally?
The pituitary gland
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What four regions can the diencephalon be divided into?
The thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus and epithalamus
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What cranial nerves does the mesencephalon give rise to?
Oculomotor (CN III) and trochlear (CN IV)
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What two elevation make up the tectum (roof) of the midbrain?
Rostral colliculus and caudal colliculus
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Fibres located along the ventral surface of the midbrain constitute the ...?
crus cerebri
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What can the metencephalon be divided into?
The pons and cerebellum
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The pons contains the rostral end of which ventricle?
The fourth ventricle
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What cranial nerve does the pons gives rise to?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
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What areas is the cerebellum divided into?
The vermis and bilateral hemispheres
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The myelencephalon contains most of which ventricle?
The fourth ventricle
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Which cranial nerves does the myelencephalon give rise to?
Abducent (VI), Facial (VII), Oculomotor (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)
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What structures are present along the ventral surface of the myelencephalon?
The Pyramids
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What are the three cranial fossas?
The rostral cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and caudal cranial fossa
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How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
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Which branch of the spinal nerves is a) afferent/sensory b) efferent/motor?
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What does the somatic NS control?
Voluntary movement
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
It functions unconsciously to maintain body homeostasis
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What are the functional divisions of the CNS?
Forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum
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What are the neurological signs typical of forebrain dysfunction?
Mentation - normal, obtunded or stupor (less likely). Change in behaviour and seizures can be reported. Contralateral proprioceptive deficits, contralateral menace response absent, circling towards the side of the lesion.
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What are the neurological signs of cerebellar dysfunction?
Normal mentation. Hypermetria, dysmetria (ipsilateral). Intention tremors. Can have head tilt (contralateral).
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What are the neurological signs of brainstem dysfunction?
Mentation - normal, obtunded, stupor or coma. Head tilt and wide base stance can be seen. Cranial nerves III-XII can show deficits. Ipsilateral proprioceptive deficits.
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