Intro to Microbiology 7.1

a growth of microorganisms on or in a nutritive medium.

containing only one species of organism

visible growth as seen on a solid medium

study of the form and structure of living organisms; shape

microscopic shape

macroscopic or visual form and structure on a given medium or substrate.

having complicated nutritional requirements

living in the presence of oxygen

living in the absence of oxygen.

essential; able to survive in only one environment

not required, optional; capable of adaptive response to varying environment.

bacteria normally residing in a specific part body area.

the ability to produce disease.

degree of pathogenicity.

within the living body

within a glass; in an artificial envrionment.

area of biologic science comprising three distinct, but highly interrelated, disciplines that include classification, nomenclature, and identification

persistent survival of microorganisms

procaryotae

procaryotes

procaryotaceae

procaryotales

enterobacteriaceae

in the bacteria Salmonella typhi what is the genus and what is the species?

robert koch proved this while studying anthrax bacillus in germany in the late 1800's

a specific disease is caused by a specific microorganism is the principle of what?

what are the four postulates of the germ theory?

this hood allows room air to pass through cabinet, sterilzing only the air exhausted.

in this hood 70% or air is re-circulated.

in this hood air is exhausted outside the hood.

This hood is fully enclosed.

what does BSL stand for?

This is the BSL for organisms with no know potential for infecting healthy people

this BSL contains all common agents of infectious disease.

This is the BSL for organisms unlikely to be encountered in routine laboratory. Transmitted primarily by aerosol.

This is the BSL for viruses not commonly found in the US

what is another term for the cell wall?

This gives the cell shape and strength, it changes with osmotic pressure.

this is composed of primarily peptidoglycan teichoic acid.

This cell wall is thicker, more resistant to physical disruption, more susceptible to PCN and stains purple or blue.

the outer layer of this is composed mostly of lipids, lipopolysaccharide, with a thin peptidoglycan.

this is a toxic endotoxin that servers as a barrier against harmful chemicals and enzymes in Gram negative cell walls.

These have a thinner wall that is less resistant to physical disruption, less inhibiton to basic dyes, and less susceptible to PCN. Stains red or pink.

this provides protection from phagocytosis, drying and gives the bacteria increased virulence.

capsules are _____ labile

what are the two stains used for capsules?

what are the two types of negative stain?

what is the appearance of capsules in negative stain?

what is the appearance of a capsule in hiss stain?

what is the function of flagellum?

these are extremely fine, hairlike appendages

falgellum are ______ and ____ labile.

what is the composition of flagellum?

what is the staining method for Flagellum?

what is the appearance of flagellum in the ryu staining method?

what type of microscopy is used to see unstained flagella?

what are three methods of demonstrating motility in bacteria?

what are the three types of flagellum?

this means without flagellum.

what are the three types of polar flagellum?

this polar flagellum is a single flagellum at only one end of the cell

this is when two or more polar flagella are at one end of the cell wall

this is when one or more flagella are at both ends of the cell wall

this means without flagella

this is when flagella surround the entire cell

this is the most common type of flagella among most medically important bacteria

these are hair like structures of gram negative cells that are 1 to 2 um long.

what is another name for pili?

what are the two functions of pili?

entry for genetic material during bacterial mating.

pili cannot be stained and must be observed through what type of microscopy

this is a semipermiable membrane which is the site of cellular respiration.

this cellular component secretes extracellular enzymes and controls passage of nutrients and waste

this cellular component is involved in invagination of cytoplasmic membrane.

this increases the available membrane surface area for catabolic and anabolic cellualr enzymes.

this is a densely packed structure made of RNA and protein involved in protein synthesis.

this is a stored form of glucose.

Bacterial nuclear material consists of ________ chromosome(s).

Endospores are produced by certain ____ in response to adverse conditions.

what are endospores composed of?

what is the stain used to dye endospores?

when using malachite green spore stain what is the appearance of the endospores?

this is a substance produced by organism that speeds up rate or reaction without being altered or used up.

what are the two types of enzymes?

these are enzymes which enhance pathogenicity. they are excreted by the cell into surrounding environment

these are enzymes that are maintained within the cell which produce energy.

these are toxins which are secreted into the environment by GP organisms.

wqhat are two organisms which secrete exotoxins.

exotoxins are _____ and ______ labile.

These exotoxins are used as a vaccine and stimulate antbody production.

these toxins are contained within cell wall of many gram negative bacteria.

this type of toxin is composed of lipopolysaccharides.

what are two pharmocologic effects of endotoxins?

this is essential to all bacteria and allows nutrients to enter cell, it also provides suitable environment for metabolic reations ande protects cell from sudden temperature changes.

this allows for the fastest growth rate in the shortest amount of time.

this is when bacteria thrive in an environment with a high CO₂ content.

this is when bacteria thrives in an environment with small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

this is when bacteria thrive in an environment with high moisture levels

what are the three nutritional requirements for bacteria?

what is the means by which cellular multiplication takes place in bacteria?

in this phase of the growth curve there is no growth, high nutrition and low toxic waste

in this phase of the growth curve there is increasing growth rate.

in this phase of the growth curve there is constant growth, decreasing nutrients, and increasing toxic levels.

this the phase of the growth curve where toxic metabolites accumulate and growth is inhibited.

this is the phase of the growth curve where nutirents are exhausted and toxic waste is high.

in this phase of the growth curve, the majority of cells die.

what phase of the growth curve should work with bacteria be done?

this is a culture of bacteria derived from another culture.

physiological groups of bacteria are based on what?

these cold loving bacteria grow between 0-30^oC

what is the optimum temperature for psychrophiles?

what is an example of a psychrophile?

most medically important pathogens fall into this pysiological group with a growth range of 20-40^oC.

what is the optimum temperature for mesophiles?

these are heat loving bacteria with a growth range of 45-60^oC

what is the optimum temperature for thermophiles?

this bacteria is a thermophile with a growth range of 65-75^oC

these are thermophiles which also grow in the mesophilic range.

this group of bacteria require oxygen in very reduced amounts (5-15%).

this group of bacteria require energy from light.

this group of bacteria require energy from chemical compounds.

this is a self sustaining bacteria group.

this is not a self sustaining bacteria group

this group of bacteria uses chemical and organic compunds as a crabon source. includes all medically important pathogens

what is the name of the bacteriologist who developed the Gram Stain?

procaryotes will differentially retain crystal violet depending on ____________.

what is the primary stain used in Gram stain?

what is the mordant used in gram stain?

what is the decolorizer used in gram stain?

what is the ethanol/acetone ratio for decolorizer

what is the counter stain used in gram stain?

this stain is used to observe the presence of encapsulated budding yeast forms.

When preparing a smear for gram stain what should the appearance be?

how long is decolorizer solution applied to the slide for?

what objective should be used when examining a gram stain slide?

what bacteria stain red or pink with gram stain?

what bacteria stain purple or blue/black with gram stain?

what three things are observed when performing a clinical material evaluation of bacterial cells?

this provides a preliminary diagnosis when reporting results?

how are PMN and epithelial cells reported?

when using this type of stain, the specimen is centrifuged and slide is read under 40x.

what is considered positive when using negative stain?

what is used as quality control for gram positive organisms?

what is used as quality control for gram negative organisms?

what is used as positive quality control for negative stain?

what is used as negative quality control for negative stain?

colonial morphology aids in ___________.

when is colonia morphology interpreted?

colonial morphology is a __________ description that requires skill.

punctuate or pinpoint colonial morphology

minute colonial morphology

small, med, large colonial morphology

spreading colonial morphology

actively motile colonial morphology

what are five types of elevation in colonial morphology

what are five forms or shapes in colonial morphology

this descirbes a butter-like texture or consistency in colonial morphology

this describes a sticky or glistening texture or consistency in colonial morphology

in colonial morphology ____ is usually non-definitive and extremely subjective.

when performing bacterial classification what objective do you scan?

when performing bacterial classification what objective do you scrutinize at?

what is the average diameter of cocci?

these are round or spherical shaped bacteria

this is bacteria in pairs

this is bacteria in a tetrad or cluster of four

this is bacteria is a cuboidal or packet of eight

this is cocci in chains

this is cocci in clusters

these are rod shaped bacteria

these are chains of rods

these are pairs of rods

these are rods which are parallel and acute angles to each other

these are rods that are parallel to each other

these are oval bacterial cells that are intermediate between the coccus and bacillus forms.

this is the occurence of two or more structural forms during a life cycle.

these are spiral or helical shaped bacterium

the process whereby all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, are killed.

what are the two means by which sterilization takes place

this is the complete elimination of microbial viability.

this is the temporary state of asepsis or free from microorganisms.

the irreversible loss of the ability to reproduce.

what is the method of sterilization for infectious waste

what is the most common method of sterilization in microbiology.

what is the method used to sterilize things using moist heat.

this method of sterilization is used for heat sensitive items using ionizing (gamma) radiation.

this is the shortest period of time to kill by heat.

this denatures proteins and destroys enzymes

this is the most common type of chemical sterilization

what are the three types of chemical sterilization

this chemical sterilization method is used for sporicidal

this method of sterilization exerts simply an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth

this is the process whereby pathogenic organisms but not necessarily all microorganisms or spores are destroyed.

what are the three methods of disinfection

how do you boil for disinfection

how do you pasteurize for disinfection

how often do you record temps for sterilization equipment?

how often are sterility checks performed on sterilization equipment

there are autoclave ampules that are impregnated with bacillus stearothermophilus

what are the positive and negative results for Killit ampules

these are autoclave strips placed in thio broth impregnated with bacillus stearothermophilus.

what are the positive and negative results for spore strips

this is used for flame sterilization

what temperature does the incinerator operate at?

what is the rule for using an electric incinerator

what material is the metal inoculating loop made out of?

what is the purpose of an inoculating loop?

what is the purpose of an inoculating needle

what is the purpose of a calibrated loop?

what two materials are calibrated loops made out of?

what quantity of fluid does a calibrated loop deliver?

what is are the proportions of a petri dish?

this is a polycarbonate jar with a O-ring gasket lid that clamps with a screw.

Calibrated loops should be calibrated ti within ___.

culturette swabs are aslo known as what?

what is the media used for a pharynx collection?

which specimen do you gram stain first?

which specimen should be collected then transported to the lab within two hours?

how far past the sphincter is a stool swab collected?

how far into the urethra should a genital collection penetrate?

what are the quantities of O₂ and CO₂ in a candle jar?

how much CO₂ is used in an anaerobic system?

how much CO₂ is used in the CO₂ system?

how much CO₂ and O₂ is used in the microaerophilic system?

when performing a semi-quant count, how is quandrant isolation performed on a petri dish?