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what is the physologic status of prepuberty?
premenarche
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what muscle group may be seen in the false pelvis along the lateral sidewall of the pelvis?
iliopsoas
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bending foward of the fundus and body of te uterus is called
anteversion
-
the normal size of the menarchal uterus should be
8cm long x 4 cm wide
-
the superficial layer of glans and stroma of the endometruim is called the
zona functuionalis
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the structure that lies above the uterovarian ligament, round ligament, and tuboovarian vessels is the
fallopian tube
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the ovary produces 2 hormones. estrogen is secreted by _____, whereas progesterone is secreted by the____.
follicles; corpus luteum
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the release of an egg from the ruptured follicle is
ovulation
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the vagina has 2 sources of blood supply
uterine artery and vaginal artery
-
the ovary recieves its primary blood supply from the
ovarian artery
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the widest portion of the fallopian tubes is the
ampulla
-
the blood supply to the fallopian tube is received by
ovarian artery
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the following about the ovaries is true
- ovaries are almond shaped
- ovarieas lie in the ovarian fossa
- ovaries receive blood form te ovarian and uterine arteries
-
the left ovarian vein drains into the
left renal vein
-
the ovaries are supported laterally by the
suspensory ligaments
-
a mature follicle is known as a ____ follicle
stimulated
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a mature follicle typically is _____cm in size right before ovulation
2.0
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the endometrium demonstrated the "three-line" sign in
the proliferative phase
-
the retouterine space is also known as
posterior cul-de-sac
-
the pelvic recess between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphisis is
space of Retzius
-
abnormally heavy or long menses is termed
menorrhagia
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the inner lining of the uterine cavity that appears echogenic to hypoechoic on us depending on the menstrual cycle is the
endometrium
-
menarche may be defined as
the start after reaching puberty in which menses occur every 21 to 28 days
-
doppler measuremnets that takes the hightest systolic peak minus the hightest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak is the
pourcelot resistive index
-
these are small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus
arcuate vessels
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the refers to a horizontal plan through the longitudinal axis of the body to image structures form the anterior to posterior
coronal
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the doppler measurement that uses peak-systole minus peak-diastole divided by the mean over one cardiac cycle is the
pulsatility index
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the endometrium is at its greates thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement in the ____phase
secretory
-
difference between peak systole and peak diastole is the
s/d ratio
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what is a technique that uses a catherter inserted into the endometreal cavity with the insertion of saline or contrast media to fill the endometreal cavity to demonstrate abnormalities with in the cavity
-
to inage the dundus of the uterus with endovag the transducer should be angled so the handle is
closer to the bed
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with endovag, for an anterverted uterus the cervix is seen in the ___, whereas the fundus of the uterus is found in the ___
right side of screen; left side of screen
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the thickness of the endometrium should be measured inthe
longitudinal plane
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the endovag transducer should be soaked in disinfectant between uses for a minimum of
10-20 minutes
-
symmetric bilataral pelvic masses are likely
pelvic muscles
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the middle layer of the uterus is
endometrium
-
the thin outer layer of the uterus is separated from the immediate layer by the
arcuate vessles
-
flexion refers to the axis fo te utering body relative to the
cervix
-
in endovag scanning, the scanning plane 90 degrees from the sagittal plane is the
coronal
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nabothian cysts are found near the
endocervical canal
-
arcuate artery calcifications are seen in
- diabetic patients
- postmenopausal patients
-
this technique is the best way to measure the cervical-fundal dimension of the uterus
transabdominal
-
sonohysterography is usually performed on premenopausal women between days___ of the menstrual cycle
6 and 10
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limitation of translabial scanning may be overcome by
elevating the patients hips
-
when handeling glutaraldehyde, the sonographer is required to wear
gloves
-
on trasnabdominal imaging of the female pelvis the destended urinary bladder
- is an acoustic window to view the pelvis anatomy
- serves as a "cyctic" reference
- displaces bowel into the false pelvis
-
clinical signs of a 32 year old woman with and enlarged uterus an physical exam and a hx of cyctic profuse, prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represents
leiomyoma
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the most common site for a leiomyoma to occur is
intramural
-
complications in delivery may occur with pregnancy if a fibroid is located
near the cervix
-
hydrometra appears sonographiclly as
a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterine canal
-
a benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as
adenomyosis
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a hyperplastic protusion of the epithelium of the cervix; may be based or pedunculated
cervical polyps
-
the most common sonographic finding in endometrial carcinoma
presents with abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity; usually presents with irregualr bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
-
a small % of leiomyomas are located in the
cervix
-
an acquired condition with obstructuon of the cervical canal is most likely a results of
cervical stenosis
-
the size and shape of the normal uterus are related to
-
which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular utering bleeding
submucosal
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the most common cause of uterine calcification is
myomas
-
on us, the characteristic appearance of a degenerating leiomyoma is
heterogeneous
-
following is true about adenomyosis
- can be managed with hormone therapy
- may cause abnormal uterine bleeding
- may cause pelvis pain during menstration
-
uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
involves the myometrium
-
the endometrium should be measured from
hyperechoic layer to hyperechoic layer
-
endometrial hyperplasia develops form
unopposed estrogen stimulation
-
a 3-day postpartum woman complains of intense pelvic pain. sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic with and irregular endometrium. this is most likely
endometritis
-
in postmenopausal patients, and enodmetrial thickness of less than ___mm reliably excludes endometrial abnormality
5
-
only ___% of women wit postmenopausal bleeding have endometrial carcinoma
10
-
pt's on tamoxifen therapy have and increased risk of
- endometrial carcinoma
- endometrial hyperplasia
- endometrial polyp
-
a 28 yr woman present with left lower quadrant pain. her LMP was 2 weeks ago. donographically the uterine body displays a highly echogenic structure in the endometrial cavity.
and intrautering contraceptive device (IUCD)
-
irregular, acyclic bleedig is defined as
dysmenorrhea
-
where might you find a Gartner's duct cyst
vagina
-
in a posthysterectomy pt, the normal vaginal cuff should not exceed___cm
2
-
an infection that involves that fallopian tube and the ovary is called
a tuboovarian abscess
-
risk factors in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) include all
- early sexual contact
- sexually transmitted disease
- intratuterine contraceptive device
-
true statements about PID
- almost always a bilateral collection of pus and fluid
- pt's may present with pelvic pain and hx of infertility
- includes vaginal discharge with bleeding
-
true statements about fallopian tube
- normal lumen is usually not visualized
- detection is easier if fluid or pus is within the tube
- ascites is helful to outline the tube
-
what is an infection within the fallopian tube called
salpingitis
-
early in the disease the clinical presentation of both PID and endometriosis may mimic
functional bowel disease
-
PID in an inclusive term that refers to all pelvic infections
- oophoritis
- parameritis
- myometritis
-
most common etioloy of PID
std
-
fusion of the inflamed dilatied tube and ovary is called
tuboovarian complex
-
infection within the uterine serosa and broad liagament is called
parametritis
-
clinical symtoms of PID may include
- fever
- dull pelvic aching
- no symptoms
-
the differential considerations of a solid appearing adnexal mass includes
- endometrioma
- hemorrhagic cyst
- penduculated uterine fibroid
-
he differential considerations of PID may include
- dermoid
- endometriosis
- ovarian neoplasm
-
sono findings of PID include
- endometritis
- periovarian inflammation
- salpingitis
-
enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts and indistinct margins describes
periovarian inflammation
-
sexually transmitted PID is spread via
mucosa
-
a comlex adnexal mass most likely represents
pyosalpinx
-
perihepatic inflammaion ascending from a plevic infection is called
fritz-hugh-curtis syndrome
-
an asymptomatic 32-yrs woman is dx with left adnexal mass on physical exam. a prior hx of PID has been reported. transabdominal and endovaginal inaging demonstrated an anechoic tubular structure in the left quadrant
hydrosalpinx
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24-yrs woman presents with fever vag discharge and intense pain. trans and endovag imaging demonsrates a comlpex multiloculated irregular mass in the pouch of douglas
ovarian torsion
-
25 yr woman with painful menstral cycles and infertility. trans and endovag demostrates hypoechoic well defined adnexal mass normal ovaries are seen bilateral
enometrioma
-
true statements about diffuse endometriosis
- most common form of endometriosis
- leasds to disorganization of plevic anatomy
- appearance similar to PID
-
inflammation of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the viscera
peritonitis
-
pelvic abcess us usually
complex cul de sac mass that distorts the plevic anatomy
-
true statement about interventional pelvic sonoraphy
interventional pelvic sonography decreases pt cost
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