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Worked toward getting civil rights for African-Americans; believed in nonviolent forms of protesting; founder of the SCLC; worked as a preacher before getting involved in civil rights work; excellent speaker; wrote Letter from a Birmingham Jail; gave "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington; shot in Memphis while there to speak to striking sanitation workers
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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was told at a young age that he wasn't able to be a lawyer because he was black; went to Boston and met several people who got him involved in the "wrong kind" of lifestyle; went to prison for burglary; converted to the Nation of Islam; worked as a speaker and as the "face" of the Nation of Islam; left the Nation of Islam over differences with Elijah Muhammad; took a trip to Mecca; was shot by members of the Nation of Islam
Malcolm X
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reverend in Birmingham, fought for integration in the city; his home and church were bombed several times, he was beater for trying to integrate a local high school
Fred Shuttlesworth
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close friend of Martin Luther King
Ralph Abernathy
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founder of the UNIA; inspired African -Americans to segregate themselves and become less dependent on whites; wanted African Americans to return to Africa
Marcus Garvey
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father of Malcolm X; chased out of town for voicing his opinions on equality for blacks; followed the teaching of Marcus Garvey; killed mysteriously by a trolley
Earl Little
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hot-headed, young leader of the civil rights movement; clashed with King because their ideas about how to get equal rights did not match
Stokely Carmichael
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Public safety commissioner in Birmingham; drove around in a white tank; whole-heartedly supported segregation and encouraged the police to use violent tactics
Eugene "Bull" Connor
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former governor of Alabama; "Segregation today' segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"
George Wallace
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Leader of the Nation of Islam; often clashed with Malcolm X because Malcolm was hotheaded and outspoken
Elijah Muhammad
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director of the documentary 4 Little Girls
Spike Lee
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wife of Malcolm; also a member of the Nation of Islam; mother of 6 girls; later changed her last name to Shabazz
Betty X
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wife to Martin Luther King; advocate for civil rights
Coretta Scott King
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author of The Watsons Go to Birmingham, 1963
Christopher Paul Curtis
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friend of Malcolm X; helped him get a job as a shoe shine boy
Shorty
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Malcolm's half-sister; took him in when he was 16 years old; funded his trip to Mecca
Ella
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Boxer who changed his name to Muhammad Ali when he converted to the Nation of Islam
Cassius Clay
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Middle Watson child; protagonist of The Watsons Go to Birmingham-1963; narrator of the story
Kenny (Kenneth Watson)
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Youngest Watson child
Joey (Joetta) Watson
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Oldest Watson child; often referred to as the juvenile delinquent
Byron Watson (By)
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friend to Cynthia Wesley; active in the civil rights movement
Carolyn McKinstry
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former US president; continued working to pass civil rights legislation; passed the Voting Rights Act
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus; her arrest started the Montgomery bus boycotts
Rosa Parks
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one of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing; father was Chris; described by her father as feisty
Denise McNair
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the youngest victim of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing
Addie Mae Collins
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one of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing; friends with Carolyn McKinstry
Cynthia Wesley
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one of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing; played clarinet; library helper; good student
Carole Robertson
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Malcolm's mother; slipped into severe depression after the death of her husband; eventually was committed to a mental institution
Louise Little
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one of the men responsible for the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church; "Dynamite Bob"; convicted of the bombing in 1977
Bob Chambliss
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Author of By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X
Walter Dean Myers
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protagonist of The Giver; chosen to be the Receiver of Memory
Jonas
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former Receiver of Memory; asked for Release; the Giver's daughter
Rosemary
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toddler with pale eyes; able to hold onto the memories that Jonas transmits to him; scheduled for release because he cannot sleep through the night; rescued by Jonas
Gabe (Gabriel)
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the man who holds onto all the memories for the community and provides the community with advice and guidance based on these memories
The Giver
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author of The Giver
Lois Lowry
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a book about someone's life written by someone else
biography
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a story that is not true
fiction
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a book that is true or lists facts and details and information; not a story
nonfiction
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a nonfiction movie/film based on facts and documents and interviews
documentary
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a perfect society; literally translates to "no place"
utopia
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keeping groups of people separated based on race
segregation
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the joining together of races and making them equal
integration
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black and white young people who rode buses from state to state to protest the segregation of the interstate bus system
Freedom Riders
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unfair laws that made it impossible for African-Americans to do things like eat where they want, register to vote, sit where they want on a bus, or attend the same schools as whites
Jim Crow Laws
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black people would sit at lunch counters and wait to be served even though they were not welcome in the restaurant
sit ins
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refusing to spend money on a good or service in order to cause a company financial suffering so they would change their policies
boycott
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refusing people their constitutional right to vote
disenfranchisement
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a movement that said that African-Americans should return to Africa and should separate themselves from whites; blacks should own their own businesses, schools, and neighborhoods to keep them from being too dependent on whites
Black Nationalism
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protesting without violence or aggression; King learned this technique from Gandhi
nonviolence
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political organization founded by Malcolm X after his split from the Nation of Islam
Muslim Mosque Incorporate
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religious and political group that began in Detroit in 1930; run by Elijah Muhammad; joined by Malcolm X during his time in prison; promoted equal rights for African Americans; did not support King's "turn the other cheek" policy; empowered African Americans to get equal rights "by any means necessary"; helped many African Americans who struggled with drug addiction and poverty
Nation of Islam
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; young people who helped with sit ins and protests
SNCC
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; worked to test laws in the court system
NAACP
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference; group of clergymen who worked to organize people for boycotts and marches for civil rights
SCLC
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Congress of Racial Equality; helped organize the Freedom Riders
CORE
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Montgomery Improvement Association; organized the bus boycott in Montgomery
MIA
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Universal Negro Improvement Association; founded by Marcus Garvey
UNIA
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Ku Klux Klan; terrorist group that targeted African Americans through intimidation and violence
KKK
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Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights; founded by Fred Shuttlesworth
ACMHR
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an exaggerated example of what could go wrong in today's society if something in the society is not changed; terrible society; the opposite of a utopia where citizens live in terrible conditions
dystopia
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the moral or lesson of a story; based on the big idea
theme
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connects with theme; can sum up the message of a story in one word such as love or family
big idea
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saying something negative/bad/mean in a nice way
euphemism
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where and when a story takes place
setting
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the turning point of a story; the time at which there is the most interest and excitement in a story
climax
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the events of the story that lead from the exposition to the climax
rising action
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a character that never changes throughout the course of a story
static character
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a character that changes, grows and learns something throughout the course of a story
dynamic character
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a point of view where the character is a part of the story; uses I, me, my, our et cetera
first person point of view
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a point of view where the story is being told by an outside character or narrator; it usually focuses on one main character; uses he, she, they, et cetera
third person point of view limited
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a point of view where all characters' thoughts and actions can be seen through the narrator; uses he, she, they
third person omniscient
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the main character of the story; the hero
protagonist
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the character that makes things difficult for the protagonist; this character works against the protagonist
antagonist
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