EDF final study guide.txt

- Our reflections on how we arrived at fact, beliefs, and ideas. involves dualistic, relativistic, and commitment within relatvistic thinking

- right/wrong; good/bad; I believe everything the prof said

- belief that there is no absolute truth; that there are multiple truths, each relative to its context.

- formulate a more satisfying perpective that synthesizes contradiction

- acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field; takes many years; affects information processing

- problem finding; 10 year rule; creativity usually rises in early adulthood and peaks in later thirties and early forties.

- a core feature of postformal thought evident in high achievers.

- a part of master level creativity; a decade between initial exposure to a field and sufficient expertise to produce creative work

- Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns

• - Better at reasoning about problems
• - Relativistic thinking
• - Increased self-understanding

• - fantasy period (childhood)
• - tentative period (adolescence)
• - realistic period

• - exploration: gather more information; compatibility considering own personalities.
• - crystallization: focus on a general catergory first then settle on a single occupation

- between 20 and 35; they decline gradually until 60s or 70s when they dramatically decrease.

- continued training which helps keep more vital capacity, muscle and response speed

- only about 1/3rd

• - at least 30 mins/day and 5 or more days a weeks
• - more often more vigorous is better

- about one third; women and low ses

intimacy versus isolation

• - Making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner
• - Involves giving up some independence and redefining identity.

• - Loneliness, self-absorption
• - Hesitant to form close ties or threatened by closeness

• 20s ? intimacy concerns
• 30s ? career consolidation
• 40s ? ?generative? (Giving to and guiding others)
• 50s?60s ? ?Guardians of the cultures?.
• 70s ? spiritual and reflective

• - early adult transition (17-22)
• - age 30 transition

- occurs from 17-22; contructs a "dream"- image of self in the adult world. genders differ

• - men usually emphasize an independant achiever in an occupational role
• - women have split dreams in which both marriage and career.

- young people re-evaluate their life structure and often focus on underdevelped aspects of their life.

- age graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, borth of the first child, buying a home, or retiring.

• - Following a social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability
• - Distress if not following or falling behind

- robert sternberg

- intimacy, passion, and commitment

- develops early; intense sexual attraction

- Passion gradually fades while intimacy and commitment grow

- dominates later; warm, trusting affection and caregiving

- As maternal IQ declines, family size increases; in larger families, all children, regardless of birth order tend to have lower IQs. children's IQ's do not decline with birth order. In larger families, last-born children tend to have higher IQs.

- young adults with lower IQs

"old hearing" age related occurs earliest and results in most loss of hearing in high frequencies.

- men lose hearing earlier and more rapidly this is associated with men having louder occupations, cigarette smoking, and health factors

• - men; upper abdomen and back
• - women: waist and upper arms

• - Very gradual muscle declines
• - fat gain in torso

• - Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains
• - Exercise - resistance training

- Severe bone loss, fragile bones

• -Normal aging With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass; Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss
• -Heredity,
• -Lifestyle

- Women develop earlier; men often overlooked

• - Negative Stereotypes of aging are more likely to be applied to women than to men.
• - Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively

• - Identify and appraise problems
• - Choose and implement potential solutions

- Control distress when situation can?t be changed

- depends more heavily on basic information skills- the ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, speed of analyzing information and the capacity of working memory.

- refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions; increases with age and heavily influence by culture because the abilities acquired are done so because they are valued by an individual's culture.

- Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation

- parenting

• - Self-indulgent with little concerns with others (e.g., young generation)
• - More concerns with what they can get rather than what they can give
• - Little interest in work productivity, self-improvement

- 40-45 when the individual evaluates early adulthood and makes drastic or small changes. They regard their future time as precious.

- helps middle aged adults to reasses their relation to themselves and the external world young-old, destruction-creation, masculinity-femininity, and engagement-separateness,

- find new ways of being both young and old

- Acknowledge past destructiveness, try to create products of value

- Balance masculine and feminine parts of the self

- Balance involvement with external world and separateness from it

- What one hopes or fears becoming in the future; becomes fewer in middle adulthood and more modest and concrete with age.

- women increase in masculine traits while men increase in feminine traits. both become more angrogynous

- Actual competence and performance; May not match chronological age

- the number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect to live. increasing in north america in 2004 it was 77.9 for the U.s.

- Women live about 4-7 years longer; SES- as education and income increase so does life expectancy; nationality- white children are expected to live the longest then black then native american; ethnicity.

- below age 85 life expectancy is greater for american whites than blacks; however, at age 85 and older this trend reverses.

- basic self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing and eating.

-Conducting business of everyday life; Requires cognitive competence; Shopping, food prep, housekeeping

- accerleates after 6-

- neurons are lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum, cerebellim (balance), and glial cells

- it forms new fibers, neurons, and connections and uses more parts of the brain.

- women report more visual impairment while men report more hearing impairment. In late life, hearing impariments become more common than vision impariments.

• - Genetically influenced declines
• - Affects all members of species
• - Even happens if health is good

• - Declines due to particular heredity and environment factors
• - Effects individualized
• - Play a larger role in frailty

• - Recall (difficult for elders)
• - Particular difficulty remembering sources of information
• - slower processing due to smaller working memory

- recognition memory and implicit memory

- a fairly automatic type of memory that requires little mental effort; better than revall with more enviromental support

• - Memory without conscious awareness
• - Memory depending on familiarity rather than conscious use of strategies is largely unaffected in old age

• - Associative memory; older adults have Difficulty in creating/retrieving links between pieces of information
• - associated with an age-related deficit in binding information into complex memory

- Old adults performed almost as well as young adults on single word memory tests; however, they did far worse on the word-pair memory test supporting an associate memory deficit in late adulthood.

• - Very long-term recall (autobiographical memory)
• - Worsens with age

• - Remembering to engage in planned actions
• - Event-based easier than time-based

- generally comprehension changes very little however their are age realted losses

• - Problems retrieving specific words ie Tip-of-the-tongue
• - Problems planning what to say

- limit in working memory

• - Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements
• - Expressed as serenity and contentment

• - Feel many life decisions were wrong, but it is too late to change them
• - Bitter and unaccepting of coming death
• - Expressed as anger and contempt for others

- a significant late life attainment where elders become expert at processing emotional information and regulating negative effects' it affects optimization and maximizes positive emotions while dampening negative ones; improves with age.

- attend immediatly to dependant behaviors

- ignore independant behavior

• - Both reinforce dependency
• - Make social contact less pleasant

- The stereotype of passive and incompetent elders

- Mutual withdrawal of elders and society

-Social barriers cause declining interaction

-Strive to maintain consistency between past and future