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amenorrhea
an absence of menstruation
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anteflexed
refers to the position of the uterus when the uterine fundus bends forward toward the cervix
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anteverted
refers to the position of the uterus when the uterus is tipped slightly forward so that the cervix forms a 90-degree angle or less with the vaginal canal; most common utrine position
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broad ligament
a broad fold of peritoneum draped over the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the ovaries; extends from the sides of the uterus to the sidewalls of the pelvis, dividing the pelvis from side to side and creating the vesicouterine pouch anterior to the uterus and the rectouterine pouch posteriorly; it is divided into the mesometrium, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium
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cardinal ligament
wide bands of fibromuscular tissue arising from the lateral aspects of the cervix and inserting along the lateral pelvic floor; a continuation of the broad ligament that provides rigid support for the carvix; also called the transverso cervical ligaments
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coccygeus muscles
one of two muscles in the pelvic diaphragm; located on the posterior pelvic floor where it supports the coccyx
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corpus luteum
an anatomic structure on the surface of the ovary, consisting of a spheroid of yellowish tissue that grows within the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation; acts as a short-lived endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to maintain the decidual layer of the endometrium should conception occur
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dysmenorrhea
pain associated with menstruation
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estrogen
a steroidal hormone secreted by the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle that stimulates the development of the female reproductive structures and secondary sexual characteristics; promotes the growth of the endometrial tissue during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
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false pelvis
portion of the pelvis found above the brim; that portion of the abdominal cavity cradled by the iliac fossae; also called the greater of major pelvis
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of graafian follicles in the ovary
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gonadotropin
a hormonal substance that stimulates the function of the testes and the ovaries; in the female, FSH and LH are gonadotropins
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
a hormone secreted by the hypothalmus that stimulates the realease of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary gland
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iliacus muscle
paired triangular, flat muscles that cover the inner curved surface of the iliac fossae and join the psoas major muscles to form the lateral walls of the pelvis
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iliopectineal line
bony ridge on the inner surface of the ilium and pubic bones that divided the true and false pelves; also called the pelvic brim or linea terminalis
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levator ani
one of two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm that stretch across the floor of the pelvic cavity like a hammock, supporting the pelvic organs and surrounding the urethra, vagina, and rectum; a broad thin muscle that consists of the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and puborectalis
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and then induces luteinization of the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum
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menarche
refers to the onset of menstruation and the comemcement of cyclic menstrual function; usually occurs between 11 and 13 years of age
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menopause
refers to the cessation of menstruation
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menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or long periods
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menses
the periodic flow of blood and cellular debris that occurs during menstruation
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mesometrium
the portion of the broad ligament below the mesovarium, composed of the layers of the peritoneum that separate to enclose the uterus
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mesosalpinx
the upper portion of the broad ligament that encloses the fallopian tubes
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mesovarium
the posterior portion of the broad ligament that is drawn out to enclose and hold the ovary in place
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obturator internus muscle
a triangular sheet of muscle that arises from the anterolateral pelvic wall and surrounds the obturator forman; passes through the lesser sciatic foramen and inserts into the medial aspect of the greater trochanter of the femer; serves to rotate and abduct the thigh
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oligomenorrhea
abnormally light menstrual periods
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oocyte
an incompletely developed or immature ovum
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ovarian ligament
a paired ligament that extends from the inferior/medial pole of the ovary to the uterine cornua; also called the utero-ovarian ligament
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ovum
the frmale egg; a secondary oocyte released from the ovary at ovulation
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perimetrium
a serous membrane envloping the uterus; also called the serosa
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piriformis muscle
a flat, pyramidal muscle arising from the anterior sacrum, passing through the greater sciatic notch to insert into the superior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur; serves to rotate and abduct the thigh
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polymenorrhea
an abnormally frequent recurrence of the menstryal cycle, of less than 21 days
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premenarche
time period in young girls before the onset of menstruation
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progesterone
a steroidal hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps prepare and maitain the endometrium for the arrival and implantation of an embryo
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psoas major muscle
paired muscles that originate at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and extend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the pelvic sidewall, wheere it unites with the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas muscle before inserting into the lesser trochanter of the femur; servies to flex the thigh towards the pelvis
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rectouterine recess (pouch)
area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid; also known as the posterior cul-de-sac and the pouch of Douglas
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retroflexed
refers to the position of the uterus when the uterine fundus bends posteriorly upon the cervix
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retroverted
refers to the position of the uterus when the entire uterus is tipped posteriorly so that the angle formed between the cervix and vaginal canal is greater than 90 degrees
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round ligaments
paired ligaments that originate at the uterine cornua, anterior to the fallopian tubes, and course anterolaterally within the broad ligament to insert into the fascia of the labia majora; hold the uterus forward in its anteverted position
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space of Retzius
located between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis; contains extraperitoneal fat
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striations
parallel lingitudinal lines commonly seen in muscle tissue when imaged sonographically; appear as hyperechoic parallel lines running in the long axis of the hypoechoic muscle tissue
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suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament
paired ligaments that extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall; also called the infundibulopelvic ligament
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true pelvis
pelvic cavity found below the brim of the pelvis; also called the minor or lesser pelvis
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uterosacral ligaments
posterior portion of the cardinal ligament that extends from the cervix to the sacrum
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vesicouterine recess (pouch)
area in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the uterus; also known as the anterior cul-de-sac
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adnexa
structure or tissue next to or near another related structure; ovaries and the fallopian tues are adnexa of the uterus
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anteverted
tipped forward
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arcuate vessels
small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus
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cornu, cornua
any projection like a horn; refers to the fundus of the uterus where the fallopian tube arises
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coronal
refers to a horizontal plane through the lingitudinal axis of the body to image structures from anterior to posterior
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endometrium
inner lining of the uterine cavity, which appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound, depending on the menstrual cycle
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internal os
inner surface of the cervical os
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introitus
an opening or entrance into a canal or cavity, as the vagina
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menarche
state after reaching puberty in which menses occur normally every 21 to 28 days
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menopause
when menses have ceased permanently
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menstruation
days 1 to 4 of the menstrual cycle; endometrial canal appears as a hypoechoic central line representing blood and tissue
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myometrium
middle layer of the uterine cavity that appears very homogeneous with sonography
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Pourcelot resistive index
doppler measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak
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premenarche
time before the onset of menses
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proliferative phase (early)
days 5 to 9 of the mestrual cycle; endometrium appears as a singlr thin stripe with a hypoechoic halo encompassing it; creates the "three-line sign"
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proliferative phase (late)
days 10 to 14 of the menstrual cycle; ovulation occurs; the endometrium increases in thickness and echogenicity
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pulsatility index (PI)
doppler measurement that uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean
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retroverted
bending backwards
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sigittal
refers to a vertical plane through the lingitudinal axis of the body that divides it into two portions
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S/D ratio
difference between peak systole and end diastole
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secretory (luteal) phase
days 15 to 28 of the mestrual cycle; the endometrium is at its greatest thickness and chogenicity with posterior enhancement
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sonohysterography (saline infused sonography or SIS)
technique that uses a catheter inserted into the endometrial cavity, with the inssertion of saline solution or contrast medium, to fill the endometrial cavity for the purpose of demonstrating abnormalities within the cavity or uterine tubes
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translabial
across or through the labia
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transperineal
across or through the perineum
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adenomyosis
benign invasive growth of the endometrium that may cause heavy, painful menstrual bleeding
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cervical polyp
hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix; may be broad based or pendunculated
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cervical stenosis
acquires condition with obstruction of the cervical canal
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curettage
scraping with a curet to remove the contents of the uterus, as is done following inevitable or incomplete abortion; to produce abortion; to abtain specimens for use in diagnosis; and to remove growths, such as polyps
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dysmenorrhea
pain in association with menstruation
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ectocervix
a portion of the canal of the uterine cervix that is lined with squamous epithelium
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ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy occurring outside the uterine cavity
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endometrial carcinoma
malignancy characterized by abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity; usually includes irregular bleeding in perimenopausal and in postmenopausal women
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endometrial hyperplasia
condition that results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without the influence of progestin; frequent cause of bleeding (especially in postmenopausal women)
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endometrial polyp
pedunculated or sessile well-defined mass attached to the endometrial cavity
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endometritis
infection within the endometrium of the uterus
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Gartner's duct cyst
small cyst within the vagina
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hematometra
obstruction of the uterus and/or the vagina characterized by an accumulation of blood
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hydrometra
obstruction of the uterus and/or the vagina characterized by an accumulation of fluid
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intramural leiomyoma
most common benign gynecologic tumor in women during their reproductive years
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metrorrhea
irregular, acyclic bleeding
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nabothian cyst
benign tiny cyst within the cervix
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pyometra
obstruction of the uterus and/or the vagina characterized by an accumulation of pus
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sonohysterography
injection of sterile saline into the endometrial cavity under ultrasound guidance; also known as saline infused sonography (SIS)
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squamous cell carcinoma
most common type of cervical cancer
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submucosal leiomyoma
type of leiomyoma found to deform the endometrial cavity and cause heavy or irregular menses
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subserosal leiomyoma
type of leiomyoma that may become pedunculated and appear as an extrauterine mass
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tamoxifen
an antiestrogen druf used in treation carcinoma of the breast
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