Ch 15 Final Review ID Terms

A linked series of chemical reactions that begins with a particular molecule and converts it into some other molecule (s) in a carefully defined fashion

Can be divided into those that convert energy from fuels into biologically useful forms and those that require inputs of energy to proceed

Reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy

Reactions that require energy

Pathways that are either anabolic or catabolic, depending on the energy conditions in the cell

Nucleotide consisting of adenine, a ribose, and a triphosphate unit; active form complexed with Mg2+ or Mn2+; energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds

Family of kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of nucleoside monophosphate

Enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphates

They exist across membranes and are produced by the oxidation of fuel molecules or by photosynthesis; they couple thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to favorable ones

Accepts a hydrogen ion and two electrons, which are equivalent to a hydride ion; used for generation of ATP

Carries electrons and accepts two electrons and two protons

Different from NAD in that the 2’-hydroxyl group of its adenosine moiety is esterified with phosphate; carries electrons for reductive biosynthesis

Precursor of retinal, the light-senstive group in rhodopsin and other visual pigments and retinoic acid, an important signaling molecule

Aka: ascorbate; acts as an antioxidant

A metabolite of it is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosophorus

Required for normal blood clotting

Essential components of many pathways; useful energy is derived form oxidation of carbon compounds

Form bonds by using free energy from ATP cleavage

Rearrages particular atoms within a molecule to prepare the molecule for subsequent reactions

Transfer groups and are used to synthesize ATP

Cleave bonds by addition of water

Enzymes that catalyze the addition of functional groups to double bonds to form single bonds or remove functional groups form single bonds to make double bonds