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Laugier
- Wrote "Speaking Architecture" (l'Architecture parlent)
- -Beginning of modern architecture
- -Advocates honest architecture: Greek over Roman
- -Nothing in a building that you cannot give a reason for
- -Column, entablature, pediment
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Massachusetts State House
- Boston, MA, 1776, Charles Bulfinch
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Circus
- Bath, England. 1754, John Wood
- -2 major terraces, 1 was circus
- -Looks like an inside-out colosseum
- -3 stacked levels
- -33 houses
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Isaac Newton's Centotaph
- -"Paper architecture"
- -Sphere, 500 ft in diameter
- -Represents the heavens
- -Holes in the ceiling for "divine light"
- -Shrine
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Royal Salt Works
- Arc-et-Senans, 1775, Ledoux
- -Next to a forrest for ease of access to wood
- -Reflects order
- -Hierarchy to the building
- -Semi-circle plan but in a bit of an oval, reflects the suns path
- -Gated royal compound
- -Blocky columns
- -Cardinal direction orientation
- -Classical order in a theatrical light
- -Stone sculpture work inside and out to show building's purpose by referring to salt making
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Thomas Jefferson
- -"Paladio was the bible"
- -Wanted cultural and political freedom from England
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Monticello II
- Charlotesville, VA, 1796, Jefferson
- -On a hill
- -Treats structure like a Roman Villa
- -Modeled it after Hotel de Salm
- -House filled with gadgets
- -His bed had a closet on one side and his office on the other so he could get up and work or get dressed
- -Support services (laundry, cooking) away from the main building
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University of Virginia
- Charlottesville, VA, 1817, Jefferson
- -Designed as a single square with an open end for expansion
- -At closed end was the Rotunda
- -Rotunda is a simplified version of the Pantheon
- -Colonnade and walkways use tuscan order
- -Each pavilion exhibits various architectural orders
- -Pure temple forms (ionic, doric, corinthian)
- -Other forms layered throughout campus
- -Serpentine walls
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U.S. Capitol
- Washington D.C. 1793, Thorton, Latrobe, Bulfinch
- -Columns from Greek doric order
- -Triple shell dome, middle shell was iron
- -Dome inspired from Tempietto
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John Soane House
- London 1812, Soane
- -Town house
- -Architecture as a laboratory, Constantly remodeled rooms
- -Fills spaces with "architectural knickknacks"
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Altes Museum
- Berlin 1824, Schinkel
- -Pantheon-like dome
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Second Bank of the U.S.
- Philadelphia, PA, 1818, William Strickland
- -Simple, cheap form of Greek architecture
- -No sculpture, simple pediment
- -Reduce building scale
- -Barrel vault inside
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Semper
- -Orgins of architecture
- -Platform (Masonry)
- -Hearth (Ceramics)
- -Roof (Carpentry)
- -Enclosure (Weaving)
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Royal Pavillion
- Brighton, 1815, John Nash
- -Designed in an exotic Indian (Mughal) style
- -Vacation retreat for royalty
- -Iron onion domes
- -Chinese elements inside
- -Like an exotic tent structure
- -Playful exotic theme even in servant's quarters
- -Was a historical WWII hospital ward for British-Indian soldiers
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*Houses of Parliament
- London, 1840, Charles Barry
- -Rebuilt after a fire
- -English gothic style
- -Charles Barry hired Pugin for detail drawings
- -Tower is 345 ft tall
- -Gothic detail inside
- -Like being in a church
- -Pugin thinks the church and architecture should mix
- -Gothic architecture as inspiring religion
- -Right on the River Thames
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Baltimore Cathedral
- Baltimore, 1806, Latrobe
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Contrasts
- Book by Pugin
- -Religion very important to him
- -Pictures portraying industrial revolution as taking religion out and making society worse
- -"All ornament should enrich building construction"
- -Form follows function
- -Even small details should be meaningful
- -Interior and exterior of building should express the building's purpose
- -Defects of modern architecture are because of a departure from past ideas
- -Buildings should respect heratige
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Baltimore Cathedral
- Baltimore, 1806, Latrobe
- -Pantheon-like dome, 2 shells
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Morse-Libby House
- Portland Maine, 1859, Henru Austin
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Trinity Church
- New York, NY 1839, Richard Upjohn
- -Very tall steeple
- -Organ damaged in WTC colapse
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*Crystal Palace
- London 1851, Joseph Paxton
- -Used iron and glass
- -Built w/ prefabrication
- -1st building of it's kind: An exhibition hall
- -1st world's fair, meant to be an agricultural fair but also showed off arts and industry
- -18,000 ft long, 800,000 ft/squared
- -Built in 7 weeks by 2,000 workers
- -Standardization of materials
- -Carts build to ride on iron frame like trains on rails and lay glass
- -Hollow iron columns provided drainage
- -First use of mass produced parts
- -First example of modern architecture
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Viollet-le-Duc
- -Ideas-
- -Father of historic preservation
- -A prominent architecture critic
- -Pro gothic architecture
- -Architecture should express structure
- -France as having true architecture (when it had mostly gothic)
- -Was a professor at Ecole des Beaux-Arts, a very prominent school
- -Completed many restorations such as Notre Dame and Madeline Vezalay
- -Wrote many books
- -Was interested in iron construction because it could show honest structure easily
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Ecole des Beaux-Arts
- One of the most influential architecture schools
- -1863, Paris
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Georges Eugene Baron
- 1809-1891
- -City planner who was ordered by Napoleon to carry out Paris' reconstruction
- -Building codes that wanted no balconies and called for roof slopes
- -Rich lived on the second floor and the poor at the very top
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Mansard Roofs
- -Sloped and hipped roofs
- -Popular in Paris because they avoided taxes on additional floors
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*Paris Opera
- Paris, 1861, Charles Garnier
- -Was a new landmark
- -Combined many styles
- -Built for newly rich Parisans
- -Designed to allow people to see and be seen
- -Large open spaces inside to allow seeing across the room
- -Grand and decadent spaces
- -Iconic staircase that branches and allows onlookers to see
- -Ornamentation inside
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Eiffel Tower
- Built for the 1889 Paris exposition by Eiffel
- -Was only meant to stand for 10 years
- -Form followed function
- -Not considered architecture by many
- -People thought it was ugly
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Metro Stations
- Guimard 1900
- -Series of entrances to underground metro stations
- -All around the world
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Bibliotheque Nationale
- Labrouste, 1860, Paris
- -Made of iron and glass
- -Archways inside
- -Masonry outside
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John Ruskin
- -Anti-catholic
- -Critic of capitalism
- -Social critic, writer, artist
- -Likes the Italian gothic but hates Italian classical
- -Likes details, surfaces, aesthetics
- -Architecture and morality are linked
- -Good architecture=Good people, bad architecture= bad people
- -Greek= good, Roman= bad
- -Separates buildings from architecture
- -Begins the victorian gothic style
- -Decoration to come from materials
- -Wrote 7 lamps of architecture
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7 Lamps of Architecture
- 1849 by John Ruskin
- -Power
- -Beauty
- -Memory
- -Sacrifice: Architecture vs. buildings & building type. Self discipline
- -Obedience: Architecture has history, politics, and religion of a nation
- -Life: Bad work by a craftsman is better than good work by a machine. Emphasis on soul of craftsman in his work
- -Truth: No iron or machine made decoration. Don't paint materials to make them seem like another type of material. Architecture should not suggest a structure other than the one used
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All Saints on Margret
- 1849, William Butterfield, London
- -Wants to bring dignity to brick
- -3 colors of brick used
- -Surface decor
- -Marble/tile inside
- -1 aisle
- -Awkward dimensions
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S Pancras Station
- London, 1864, William Henry Barlow
- -Hotel and station connected together to service tired travelers
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Midland Hotel
- 1868, G. G. Scott, London
- -Built to service tired travelers
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Victoria Terminus
- Mumbai, 1878, Frederick Stevens
- -1,000 trains a day
- -Dome on top even though it is in the gothic style
- -A heavy building
- -Modeled after the midland hotel
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*UVA Rotunda
- -Corinthian and doric columns
- -Chinese lattice
- -Red brick
- -Building in an "inviting" position
- -Hierarchy in layout
- -Was burnt down at one time
- -Used to be a library
- -Heavy Palladian influence
- -Serpentine bricks were relevant b/c cost effective
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