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ranking third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines
Cancer
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it is the disturbance of growth characterized primarily by an excessive proliferation of cells without apparent relation to the physiological demands of the organs involved
cancer
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Single cancer cell divides ___
indefinitely
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normal cells only divide approx ___
60 times
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cancer grows and spread by:
- directly extending into adjacent tissues
- invading a nearby body cavity such as the abdomen of pleural space
- invading along lymphatic vessels
- travelling via lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes which drain the region in which the cancer is situated
- travelling via the blood vessels to any part of the body
-
transplant of the original tumor, more or less reproducing its structure
Metastasis
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___ of all cancers are curable i detected early and treated propeerly
one-third
-
treatment of cancer usually needs a ___
multidisciplinary team approach
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three major forms of treatment of cancer
- surgery
- radiation therapy
- chemotherapy
-
this is the oldest cancer treatment
surgery
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it removes the principal deposit of cancer
sugery
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it may involve removal of healthy tissue surrounding the tumor, and possibly adjacent lymph nodes
surgery
-
this form of cancer therapy came after the discovery of radioactivity and x rays
radiation therapy
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this refers to the use of chemicals in the treatment of cancer
chemotherapy
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chemotherapy can be taken by ___, by ___ or by ___
- mouth
- parenteral injection
- topical application
-
nine warning signs of cancer
- change in blood bowel or bladder habits
- a sore that does not heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge
- thickening or lump in the breast elsewhere
- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
- obvious change in wart or mole
- nagging cough or hoarseness
- unexplained anemia
- sudden unexplained weightloss
-
cancer risk factors
- age
- gender
- race
- occupational
- health habits
- family history
- socio-economic status
- lifestyle
-
with breast cancer, ___ occcurs in women and ___ in men
-
all ages but incidence increase with age
age
-
variations exist between the incidence in men and in women
gender
-
racial characteristics such as skin color, diet and custom do affect cancer incidences
race
-
certain occupation are prone to the incidence of certain cancers
occupationsl
-
___ and ___ workers have higher lung cancer rates
-
___ tend to have higher rates of bladder cancer
petrochemical workers
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people who don't smoke, who protect themselves from the sun, and who have sensible diet are likely to have a lower incidence of cancer
health habits
-
certain individuals have increased risk of developing certain cancers if the family member has that cancer
family history
-
statistics show that a person;s economic status may be associated with the incidence and mortality of some cancers
socio economic status
-
believed to contribute to a number of cancers
lifestyle
-
types of cancer
- lung
- uterine
- cervix
- liver
- colon
- rectum
- mouth
- breast
- skin
- prostate
-
prevention for lung cancer
do not smoke
-
prevention for uterine and cervix cancer
having one sexual partner lowers risk; clean safe sex
-
prevention for liver cancer
vaccination versus hepatitis B virus; minimal alcohol intake; avoid moldy foods
-
prevention for colon and rectum cancer
prudent diet of a variety of foods also with fiber and low fat intake
-
prevention for the cancer of the mouth
avoid smoking tobacco, betel quid chewing. Modify consumption of alcohol; cavity and dental hygiene
-
prevention for breast cancer
no conclusive evidence
-
prevention for skin cancer
avoid excessive sun exposure
-
prevention for prostate cancer
no conclusive evidence
-
detection for lung cancer
none
-
detection for uterine and cervix cancer
regular pap-smear every 1-3 years
-
detection for liver cancer
none
-
detection for colon and rectum cancer
regular medical check up after 40 years of age, yearly occult blood test in stools; digital rectal exam; sigmoidoscopy
-
detection for mouth cancer
thorough dental check up each year
-
detection for breast cancer
monthly self-exam and annual doctor exam; mammography for high risk groups or for greater that or equal to 50 years old female
-
detection for skin cancer
skin self exam
-
detection for prostate cancer
digital trans-rectal exam (early diagnosis)
-
ABCD method to consider whether a mole is suspicious
- Asymmetry
- Border Irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
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One side of the mole does not mirror the other side.
Asymmetry
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The edges are jagged, blurred or notched.
Border irregularity
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The color of the mole is irregular. Shades of tan, black and brown are present; flecks of white and red add to a mottled appearance.
Color
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The mole is 6 mm, roughly the size of a pencil eraser. Any mole growth is a concern.
Diameter
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