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Any behavior or emotional state that causes and individual great suffering, is self destructive, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others
Mental Disorder
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Symptoms or mental disorders that are specific to particular cultural contexts and practices
Culture-Bound Symptoms
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Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli
Projective tests
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Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves
Objective tests (inventories)
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A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension
Generalized anxiety disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic of life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, periods of intense fear, and feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heart rate and dizziness
Panic disorder
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An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object
Phobia
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A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving basic fear of being away from a safe place or person
agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors designed to reduce anxiety
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behavior, cognition, and body function
major depression
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A mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur
Bipolar disorder
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Approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression
Vulnerability-stress models
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A disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionally and an inability to regulate emotions; it often results in intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self-mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others
Borderline personality disorder
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A personality disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, reckless acts
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
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A personality disorder characterized by fearlessness; lack of empathy, guilt, remorse; the use of deceit; and coldheartedness
Psychopathy
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A controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits
dissociative identity disorder
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A psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, and inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments
schizophrenia
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An extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behavior; it may have psychological or organic causes
psychosis
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