psychology ch 15

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. 

biomedical therapy, p. 546 
eclectic approach, p. 546 
psychotherapy, p. 546

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

psychotherapy, p. S46 
biomedical therapy, p. 545 
psychoanalysis, p. 547

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. 

client-centered therapy, p549
eclectic approach, p. 546 
psychoanalysis, p. 547

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. 

resistance, p. 547 
psychoanalysis, p. 547 
transference, p. 547

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. 

resistance, p p. 547 
psychotherapy, p. 546 
interpretation, p. 547

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. 

eclectic approach, p. 546 
resistance, p, 547 
interpretation, p. 547

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). 

interpretation, p. 547 
resistance, p. 547 
transference, p. 547

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight. 

insight therapies, p. 548 
psychodynamic therapy, p. 548 
client-centered therapy, p. 549

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. 

insight therapies, p. 548 
psychodynamic therapy, p. 548 
interpretation, p. 547

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

active listening, p- 549
client-centered therapy, p. 549 
unconditional positive regard, p. 550

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. 

active listening, p. 549 
client-centered therapy, p. 549 unconditional positive regard, p. sso

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. 

unconditional positive regard, p. 550 
active listening, p. 549 
behavior therapy, p. 550

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. 

behavior therapy, p. 550 
unconditional positive regard, p. sso 
active listening, p. 549

• In psychoanalysis, patients may experience strong feelings for their analyst, which is called ________.  . Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories—showing ______.  . The analyst will attempt to offer insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ______of the mental blocks. 


A)  resistance, p. 547 ,interpretation, p. 547 ,transference, p. 547 
B)  interpretation, p. 547 ,resistance, p. 547 ,transference, p. 547
C)  transference, p. 547 ,resistance, p. 547 ,interpretation, p. 547 

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. 

counterconditioning, p. 551 
exposure therapies, p. 551 
behavior therapy, p. 550

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality ________ ___________,at treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. 


exposure therapies, p. 551
behavior therapy, p. 550 
cognitive therapy, p. 554

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. 

aversive conditioning, p. 552 
systematic desensitization, p. 551 
virtual reality exposure therapy, p. 552

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or Public speaking. 

virtual reality exposure therapy, p. 552 
aversive conditioning, p. 552 
systematic desensitization, p. 551

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). 

behavior therapy, p. 550 
exposure therapies, p. 551 
aversive conditioning, p. 552

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. 

token economy, p. 553 
systematic desensitization, p. 551 
aversive conditioning, p. 552

• Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of _______conditioning. Token economies are an application of _______ conditioning.

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. 

cognitive therapy, p. 554 
group therapy, p. 557 
exposure therapies, p. 551

a popular integrative therapy that combines thinking) with behavior therapy (changing thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Question your interpretations Explore your beliefs, revealing faulty assumptions such as "I must be liked by everyone." 
Rank thoughts and emotions Gain perspective by ranking your thoughts and emotions from mildly to extremely upsetting. 


What selected cognitive therapy technique am I?

Change beliefs 
Test beliefs 
Reveal beliefs

Examine consequences Explore difficult situations, assessing possible consequences and challenging faulty reasoning. 
Decatastrophize thinking Work through the actual worst-case consequences of the situation you face (it is often not as bad as imagined). Then determine how to cope with the real situation you face.

What selected cognitive therapy technique am I?
Change beliefs 
Test beliefs 
Reveal beliefs

Take appropriate responsibility bility Challenge total self-blame and negative thinking, noting aspects for which you may be truly responsible, as well as aspects that aren't your responsibility. 
Resist extremes Develop new ways of thinking and feeling to replace maladaptive habits. For example, change from thinking "I am a total failure" to "I got a failing grade on that paper, and I can make these changes to succeed next time."

What selected cognitive therapy technique am I?
Change beliefs 
Test beliefs 
Reveal beliefs

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

therapy that treats the family as a system- Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Unconscious conflicts from child- hood experiences 

Reduce anxiety through self-insight.
 
Interpret patients' memories and feelings. 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
Behavior 
cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

Barriers to self-understanding and self-acceptance 

Enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. 

Listen actively and reflect client's feelings. 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
behavior 
Cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

Dysfunctional behaviors 

Relearn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones. 

Use classical conditioning (via exposure or aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (as in token economies). 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
Behavior 
Cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

Negative, self-defeating thinking 

Promote healthier thinking and self-talk. 

Train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions. 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
Behavior 
Cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

Self-harmful thoughts and behaviors 

Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors. 

Train people to counter self-harmful thoughts and to act out their new ways of thinking. 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
Behavior 
Cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

Stressful relationships 

heal relationships. 

Develop an understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles, and "prove communication. 

Psychodynamic 
Client-centered 
Behavior 
Cognitive 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Group and family

• Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy? 

a. more focused attention from the therapist 
b. less expensive 
c. social feedback 
d. reassurance that others share troubles

• Therapy is more likely to be helpful in those with the _______(most/least) clearly defined problems.

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. 

evidence-based practice, p. 562 
unconditional positive regard, p. 550 
psychopharmacology, p. 568

• Those who undergo psychotherapy are ________(more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy.

Therapists and Their Training 

Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. (includes research training) or Psy.D. (focuses on therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, postdoctoral training. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. 

Clinical psychologists 
Psychiatrists 
Clinical or psychiatric social workers 
Counselors

are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s or D.O.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice. 

clinical psychologists 
Psychiatrists 
Clinical or psychiatric social workers 
Counselors

A two-year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problem; 

Clinical psychologists 
Psychiatrists 
Clinical or psychiatric social workers 
Counselors

Marriage and family counselors specialize in family relations problems. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mental health and | other counselors may be required to have a two-year master s degree. 

Clinical or psychiatric social workers 
Psychiatrists 
Clinical psychologists 
Counselors

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.' 


antipsychotic drugs, p. 568 
psychopharmacology, p. 568 
antianxiety drugs, p. 569

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. 

psychopharmacology, p. 568 
antipsychotic drugs, p. 568 
antianxiety drugs, p. 569

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

antidepressant drugs, p. 569 
antianxiety drugs, p. 569 
antipsychotic drugs, p. 568

• The drugs given most often to treat depression are called ______. Schizophrenia is often treated with _____drugs.

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in aneffort to change behavior. 

psychosurgery, p. 574 
lobotomy, p. 574

procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain. 

psychosurgery, p. 574 
lobotomy, p. 574

• Severe depression that has not responded to other therapy may be treated with ____ _______which can cause memory loss. More moderate neural stimulation techniques designed to help alleviate depression include ____ _____stimulation, _____-_____stimulation, and ____  ____________ magnetic stimulation

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Neurotransmitter malfunction 

ControL symptoms of psychological disorders 

Alter brain chemistry through drugs. 

Drug therapies 
Brain stimulation 
Psychosurgery 
Therapeutic life- style change

Severe, "treatment-resistant" depression 

Alleviate depression that is unresponsive to drug therapy. 

Stimulate brain through electroconvulsive shock, vagus nerve stimulation, deep- brain stimulation, or magnetic impulses

Drug therapies 
Brain stimulation 
Psychosurgery 
Therapeutic life- style change

Brain malfunction

Relieve severe disorders. 

Remove or destroy, brain tissue. 

brain stimulation 
Drug therapies 
Psychosurgery 
Therapeutic life- style change

Stress and unhealthy lifestyle 

Restore healthy biological state. 

• Alter lifestyle through adequate exercise, sleep, and other changes. 

psychosurgery 
| Therapeutic life-style change 
Brain stimulation 
Drug therapies

1. A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and  dreams, is drawing from 

a. psychoanalysis. 
b. humanistic therapies. 
c. client-centered therapy. 
d. behavior therapy.

_____therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feehngs that guide their motivation and behavior.

3. Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize 

a. hidden or repressed feelings. 
b. childhood experiences. 
c. psychological disorders. 
d. self-fulfillment and growth.

4. A therapist who restates and clarifies the client s statements is practicing ______ _____.

5. The goal of behavior therapy is to 

a. identify and treat the underlying causes of the problem. 
b. improve learning and insight. 
c. eliminate the unwanted behavior. 
d. improve communication and social sensitivity.

6. Behavior therapists often use ______techniques such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli

7. The technique of _______  __________teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli.

9. At a treatment center, people who display a desired behavior receive coins that they can later exchange for other rewards. This is an example of a(n) _______  ________

10. Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating 

a. nail biting. 
b. phobias. 
c. alcohol use disorder. 
d. depression.

_______--______therapists help people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior.

12. In family therapy, the therapist assumes that 

a. only one family member needs to change. 
b. each person's actions trigger reactions from other family members. 
c. dysfunctional families must improve their interactions or give up their children. 
d. All of the above.

13. The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from 

a. outcome research. 
b. randomized clinical trials. 
c. reports of clinicians and clients. 
d. a government study of treatment for depression.

14. Studies show that _______— therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders. 

a. behavior 
b. humanistic 
c. psychodynamic 
d. no one type of

15. What are the three components of evidence-based practice? 


knowledge of the patient 
active listening 
counterconditioning 
clinical expertise
research evidence 
systematic desensitization

17. Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notably 

a. hyperactivity. 
b. convulsions and momentary memory loss. 
c. sluggishness, tremors, and twitches. 
d. paranoia.

18- Drugs like Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can lead to substance use disorder when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as _________drugs.

19. A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is ___________.

20. When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people with 

a. severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. 
b. severe depression. 
c. schizophrenia. 
d. anxiety disorders.

21. An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is called 

a. deep-brain stimulation. 
b. the mood-stabilizing perspective. 
c. spontaneous recovery. 
d. biomedical therapy.