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intramolecular forces
chemical bonds
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intermolecular forces
attraction or repulsion between molecules
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molecule remains __ in intermolecular forces
intact
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How much weaker are intermolecular forces than chemical bonds
100x
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In which state are intermolecular forces the strongest
Solid
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Decreasing order of energies 5 bonds
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Hydrogen
- Dipole-Dipole
- London Dispersion Force
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Dipole-Dipole
Attraction between polar molecules
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Dipole-Dipole what ends attract eachother
Positive and negative end
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Vaporization
Molecules have enough KE to overcome intermolecular forces
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Boiling point and intermolecular forces
Greater intermolecular forces=higher boiling point
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Hydrogen Bonding
Dipole-dipole bonding that can only occur with N, O, or F
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Hydrogen bonding: mass and boiling point
Lightest molecule has the highest boiling point
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London Dispersion force
Induced dipole that is present in all molecules
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London Dispersion Force and molecular size
- Bigger atom=greater LDF
- Longer molecule=greater LDF
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Capillary Action
Rising of liquid in a narrow tube
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Cohesive Force
Molecules attracted to each other
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Adhesive Force
Molecules attracted to the walls of the capillary
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How does capillary action work in a graduated cylinder?
Cohesive forces between H2O molecules and adhesive forces between SiO2 molecules in glass
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How do molecules arrange themselves
To have maximal intermolecular interactions
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Why do liquids form drops
- Minimize surface area: volume ratio
- Molecules at surface don't have as many interactions, so lower the surface area
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Viscosity- 2 factors
- Strong intermolecular forces
- Large, complex molecules get tangled up with each other
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Crystalline Solid
Highly ordered, molecules or ions are arranged in a specific array
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Amorphous Solid
- Disordered, atoms, molecules, or ions are not in any particular order
- Short-range order, long-range disorder
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Bragg Diffraction
When you shine an X-ray on a crystal, X-rays bounce off
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Bragg Diffraction- what determines if waves add constructively or destructively
distance travelled by parallel waves
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Bragg Diffraction- what does spacing between nuclei in crystals dictate?
Whether you get a bright or dark spot
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