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What type of collection tube is used for biochemical profiles?
Clot/serum- red top tube- no anticoagulant
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The measurement of enzymes in serum is based on a measure of their ________ in serum.
activity
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The activity of serum enzymes is based on... (4)
presence and concentration in tissue, mechanism of release (via damage or induced), where enzyme goes after release, enzyme half-life
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A ______________ elevation in enzyme activity is typically considered the threshold for clinical relevance for leakage enzymes.
3-fold or greater
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A significant increase in an in an analyte with a range of 10-120 would be calculated by...
120 + 10 = 130 / 2 = 65 x 3 = 195
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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an indicator of __________ or __________ damage; it is released via ________.
muscle or hepatocellular; leakage
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an indicator of ___________; it is released by...
cholestasis; cholestasis inducing hepatocytes to increase production of ALP
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The detection of myofiber damage is limited to the detection of... (7)
trauma (including IM injections), inflammation, metabolic disorders, nutritional disease, infiltrating neoplasia, ischemia, necrosis
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________ is the most muscle specific assay.
creatine kinase (CK)
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CK is located in ________ and its function is to...
muscle; transfer phosphate to ADP to form ATP
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Creatine kinases 1-4 isoforms are found where in the body, respectively?
- 1- brain
- 2- cardiac muscle
- 3- skeletal and cardiac muscle
- 4- mitochondria of many tissues
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The plasma half-life of CK is ______, therefore...
short; it will decrease quickly if muscle damage is not ongoing
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Mild increases of CK occur with... (5)
restraint, activity, IM injections, recumbency, biopsy
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Moderate increases of CK occur with... (3)
trauma, convulsions, some neuropathies/myopathies
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Marked increases in CK occur with... (2)
polymyositis, exertional rhabdomyolysis
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_______ may cause false elevation of CK.
Hemolysis
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Other than CK, what other enzymes are used to evaluate muscle?
ASP, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
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Hyperkalemia may or may not occur with...
(serum potassium elevation) significant muscle damage
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Myoglobin is rapidly released to the blood after ___________; it peaks earlier than ________, but it is cleared more quickly.
muscle damage; CK
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How do you differentiate hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria?
ammonium sulfate precipitates hemoglobin, but NOT myoglobin
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Lactic acid is used to confirm a diagnosis of ____________.
metabolic myopathies
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