-
The five characteristics of angina pectoris are ______.
-Anginal pain in usually Substernal but may radiate.
–The pain is deep, visceral, and intense; it may be described as pressure like sensation or a tightness.
- –The duration of pain is minutes, not seconds.
- The pain has to be precipitated by exercise or emotional stress.
–The pain is relieved by resting or taking sublingual nitroglycerin
-
Syncope or Precinct should make you think a reduction in blood flow to ______. And can be due to______
The brain
Primary central nervous system disease, metabolic conditions, dehydration, or inner ear problems. A history of palpitations preceding the event is significantPrimary central nervous system disease, metabolic conditions, dehydration, or inner ear problems. A history of palpitations preceding the event is significant
-
TIA suggest emboli from the______ or ______.
Suggest emboli from the heart or great vessels. Rarely from venous circulation through in intracardiac shunt.
-
Fluid retention is not specific for heart disease but may be due to a reduced ______.
Cardiac function. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, jaundice, nausea and vomiting can also occur from gut and hepatic dysfunction due to fluid engorgement.
-
A cardiac cough is usually ______or ______.
Dry or nonproductive
-
Pulmonary hypertension from any cause can results in ______.( symptom)
Cough
-
When doing orthostatic blood pressure monitoring the patient should be standing for at least ______ seconds.
90 seconds
-
When should you Perform orthostatic blood pressure monitoring in patients complaining of______ 3x.
Patients complaining of transient central nervous system symptoms. Weakness. Or unstable.
-
In general pulse pressure is a crude measurement of left ventricular stroke volume. A white pulse pressure suggest______ stroke volume while in narrow pressure indicates a wide. ______
Widen pulse pressure suggest that the stroke volume is large.Narrow pulse pressure suggests that the stroke volume is small.
-
When examining the peripheral pulses you're really conducting three examinations. Name the three.
Rate and rhythm, cardiac activity, assessment of the adequacy of the arterial conduit being examined.
-
The rapid pulse suggests increased ______ levels which may be due to cardiac disease, such as heart failure. A slow pulse represents excess______ tone, which may be due to disease or athletic training.
-
The strength of a pulses grade on scale from 1 to 4 where ______ is a normal pulse amplitude
two
-
The palpable vibration is ______ in cardiology
A thrill
-
A bifid pulse can be a sign of what four things
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, severe aortic regurgitation, moderate severe aortic stenosis or regurgitation.
-
Pulsus alternans is a sign of severe______.
Severe heart failure. Alternate strong and weak pulses
-
bruits are sought with the ______ stethoscope. Carotids, double aorta femoral.
bell
-
Heart failure is commonly called is a______ pleural effusion.
Right. Heart failure can cause a bilateral pleural effusion. But is least likely to cause isolated left pleural effusion.
-
When right heart failure develops or venous return is restricted from entering the heart,______ pressure in the abdomen increases leading to______ and eventually ascites.
venous Hepatosplenomegaly
-
The first heart sound is coincident with ______ and ______ valve closure.
Mitral tricuspid
-
Second heart sound is coincident with closure of the ______ and ______.
Aortic and Pulmonary
-
A third heart sound occurs during early______ filling of the______. It can be produced by any condition that causes ______ or ______
Early rapid filling of the left ventricle. Left ventricular volume overload or dilatation
-
A third heart sound can be heard and what two conditions
Normal Pregnancy or CHF
-
A fourth heart sound is due to vigorous______ contraction into a stiffened______ ventricle.
Vigorous left atrial contraction into a stiffened left ventricle.
-
A fourth heart sound can be a sign of ventricular hypertrophy of any cause or in diseases that reduce compliance of the left ventricle such as a ______.
Myocardial infarction
-
A mid-systolic click is often due to ______
Mitral valve prolapse and is caused by sudden tensing in mid-systole of the redundant prolapsing segment of the mitral leaflet.
-
______ valve leaflet, as in mitral stenosis will calls a loud opening ______and early diastole.
Atrioventricular valve leaflet
snap
-
A grade for murmur is associated with______.
Palpable thrill
-
Grade 5 murmur can be heard with the ______ of the stethoscope
Edge
-
Grade 6 murmur can be heard______
Without a stethoscope
-
Murmurs in the ______ range are almost always due to pathologic conditions
Four – six
-
The most common systolic murmur Is the ______
Crescendo/decrescendo
-
Christian the decrescendo murmurs can represent what Three conditions
Vigorous flow any normal heart or to affections inflow, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
-
The ninth flow murmurs can be heard in ______ percent of children
80%. This declines with age.
-
holoystolic or pansystolic murmurs are always associated with______.
Pathology
-
Diastolic murmurs are always ______.
Abnormal
-
The most frequently heard diastolic murmur is the high-frequency Decrescendo early diastolic murmur of ______.
Aortic regurgitation. This is usually heard best at the upper left sternal border or in the aortic area and may radiate to the left sternal border in the apex.
-
A continuous murmur implies a connection between ______and ______
High and low pressure chamber throughout the cardiac cycles such as occurs with a fistula between aorta and pulmonary artery. If the connection is a patent ductus arteriosus, the murmur as best heard under the left clavicle is machinelike in sound.
-
Flow murmur
inspiration
stand
squat
Valsalva
handgrip
post PVC
- -inspiration, Nothing or increase
- -stand, Decrease
- -squat,Increase
- -Valsalva, Decrease
- -handgrip, Decrease
- -post PVC, Increase
-
Tricuspid regurgitation
-inspiration
-stand
-squat
-Valsalva
-handgrip
-post PVC
- -inspiration, Increase
- -stand
- -squat
- -Valsalva, Decrease
- -handgrip
- -post PVC
-
Aortic stenosis
-inspiration
-stand
-squat
-Valsalva
-handgrip
-post PVC
- -inspiration
- -stand
- -squat
- -Valsalva, Decrease
- -handgrip
- -post PVC, Increase
-
Mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect
-inspiration
-stand
-squat
-Valsalva
-handgrip
-post PVC
- -inspiration
- -stand
- -squat
- -Valsalva, Decrease
- -handgrip, Increase
- -post PVC
-
Mitral valve prolapse
-inspiration
-stand
-squat
-Valsalva
-handgrip
-post PVC
- -inspiration
- -stand, Increase
- -squat, Decrease
- -Valsalva, Increase
- -handgrip, Increase
- -post PVC
-
HOCM-inspiration
-stand
-squat
-Valsalva
-handgrip
-post PVC
- -inspiration
- -stand, Increase
- -squat, Decrease
- -Valsalva, Increase
- -handgrip, Decrease
- -post PVC, Increase
-
Inspiration is associated with reductions in the intrathoracic pressure that increase venous return from the abdomen in the head leading to increase flow through the ______ heart chambers.
Right
-
If the patient is in ______position venous return is highest.
Supine
-
In physically capable individuals, a rapid squat from the standing position is often diagnostically valuable because it suddenly increases venous return and left ventricular volume and accenuates flow murmurs but the diminishes the murmur of ____.
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
-
Valsalva maneuver increases ______ pressure and Markedly reducing venous return to the heart
Intrathoracic
-
The murmur of ______may become louder because of the diminished left ventricular volume with the Valsalva maneuver.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-
The murmur associated with mitral regurgitation from mitral valve prolapse may become ______ and ______ because of the early occurrence of prolapse during systole during the Valsalva maneuver
Longer and louder
-
When asking the patient to perform the Valsalva maneuver issue not the done longer than ______seconds
10 seconds
-
Isometric handgrip exercises have been used to increase ______and ______ventricular pressure.
Increase arterial and left ventricular pressure.
-
Isometric handgrip exercises increase for gradient for ______,______, and ______ regurgitation.
Mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, and aortic regurgitation
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