BIO 377 CARLA #2

The autonomic nervous system is made up of which subsystems?



Original question text: "Which of the following is located in the autonomic nervous system?"

Afferent neurons transmit information from the _________ to the __________.



Original question text: "Which of the following accurately describes afferent neurons?"

Information is transmitted from cell to cell across the chemical synapse via a(n) ________.

An action potential originates at the ______ and travels along the axon until it reaches the ______.

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor?

In neuron, where are voltage-gated calcium channels located?

Sensory receptors are associated with what functional class of neurons?

The myelin sheath that coats an axon acts to ______.

The movement of an electrical charge across a membrane describes _________.

The resistance to an ion's movement across a membrane is determined by __________.

What is true about the Na⁺/K⁺ pump?

Hint: What does it do in regards to the resting membrane potential?



Original question text: "Which of the following statements about the Na⁺/K⁺ pump is true?"

What is true of a neuron at rest in regards to sodium and potassium ions?

Hint: The answers are regarding permeability, equilibrium, and electrochemical force, respectively.



Original question text: "Which of the following statements is true when a neuron is at rest?"

The electrochemical gradient for sodium across the membrane is such that the net flux of sodium will be ________, thereby causing the cell's membrane potential to become more _______.

The membrane's potential at which here is no net flux of an ion across the membrane is called that ion's ________.

As a membrane's permeability to a particular ion increases, membrane potential will move ________ that ion's _________.

The opening of an ion channel increases a cell membrane's _______, whereas _________ will decrease.

A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more negative, is referred to as a ________.

A ________ is a subthreshold change in membrane potential within the cell body that decays as it travels away from its point of origin.

What triggers an action potential?




Original question text: "Which of the following does NOT produce a graded potential?"

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Graded potentials can sum over time but action potentials cannot.
B) Graded potentials and action potentials are all-or-none.
C) Graded potentials do not have refractory periods, but action potentials do.
D) Graded potentials and action potentials can change the membrane potential can change the membrane potential of adjacent areas of the membrane through electronic conduction
E) Graded potentials and action potentials are caused by ions moving through channels.

Describe spatial summation.

Hint: Give a vague "example."



Original question text: "Which of the following is an example of spatial summation?"

What change in membrane potential is considered excitatory?



Original question text: "Which of the following changes in membrane potential is considered excitatory?"

If the graded potential remains above threshold once it reaches the _________, an action potential will be generated.

The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid _______ of sodium that ________ the neuron's membrane.

The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid _______.

The repolarization phase of the action potential in a neuron is driven by the ________.

For the sodium channel to open and allow sodium into the cell, ________.

Stimuli A and B are both suprathreshold stimuli that last for one second, but stimulus A is stronger. What is true of the action potentials they will create?



Original question text: "Stimuli A and B are both suprathreshold stimuli that last for one second, but stimulus A is stronger. Which of the following statements is true?"

During which phase of an action potential are the majority of the voltage-gated sodium channels closed and incapable of opening?



Original question text: "During which of the following states are the majority of the voltage-gated sodium channels closed and incapable of opening?

The regenerative nature of a sodium channel's activation gate refers to the situation where an activation gate's opening, and the resulting depolarization, _____________.


Hint: It stimulates ...

The positive feedback loop that is involved in the generation of an action potential is terminated by the ________.

The all-or-none principle associated with the action potential states that _______.


Hint: once membrane potential reaches _______, an action potential will ...

In order for a neuron to move from the absolute to the relative refractory period, a majority of that neuron's sodium channels must have their _______.

What is true of the absolute refractory period?


Hint: Regarding sodium & potassium



Original question text: "Which of the following is true about the absolute refractory period?"

The relative refractory period is ________.


Hint: due primarily to...

The stimulus intensity required to initiate an action potential is ________ through the latter course of the relative refractory period.


Hint: How does it change over time?

As an action potential is propagated away from the axon hillock, propagation continues in only one direction because ________.

In myelinated nerve fibers, action potentials are produced at the ________.

The jumping of an action potential from node-to-node is called ________.

Which of the following axons would have the fastest conduction velocity?

A) diameter = 20 microns, myelinated
B) diameter = 20 microns, unmyelinated
C) diameter = 5 microns, myelinated
D) diameter = 5 microns, myelinated or unmyelinated (myelination doesn't affect conduction speed)
E) diameter = 5 microns, unmyelinated