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the circulatory system is divided into these two things (547)
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
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What 3 main things compose the cardiovascular system? (547)
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In addition to carrying respiratory gases and nutrients, what else does blood transport? (547)
- hormones from the endocrine glands
- conveys cells of the body's defense system to sites where they can fight infection
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Blood is a specialized type of CT, called formed elements, suspended in what? (547)
plasma
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What is the red matter on the bottom of a centrifuged sample of blood? (547)
erythrocytes
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What is the key role of erythrocytes? (547)
transport important blood gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxie
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This is known as the percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes. The average percent being 45%. (547)
Hematocrit
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What is present at the junction between erythrocytes and plasma, and what does it contain? (547)
Buffy coat: contains leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (thrombocytes) which help stop bleeding.
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What in the blood helps stop bleeding, also called thrombocytes. (547)
Platelets
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If erythrocytes make up 45% of the blood, what is the other 55%? (547)
Plasma
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Although this is 90% water, it also contains 100 different kinds of molecules and nutrients such as simple sugars and Amino acids. (547)
Blood plasma
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What are 3 main proteins plasma contains? (547)
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
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This plasma protein helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues. (547)
Albumin
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This plasma protein include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper. (547)
Globulins
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This plasma protein is one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achives blood clotting. (547)
Fibrinogen
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What is serum and how is it produced? (547)
Serum is plasma from which the clotting factors have been removed by coagulation (allowing blood to stan which produces a clat that entangles the formed elements)
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___a___ are formed elements of blood and have no nuclei and organelles. (548)
Erythrocytes
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T or F: erythrocytes can undergo mitosis (548)
False: they cannot divide
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What is the average length of time erythrocytes live for? (548)
a few hours to a few months
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25 trillion of these are typically present in a healthy adult. (548)
erythrocytes
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These are ideal measuring tools in histology due to their relative uniform in size (548)
erythrocytes
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These are shaped as biconcave discs (discs with depressed centers. (548)
Erythrocytes
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This oxygen-carrying protein packs the cytoplasm of erythrocytes (549)
hemoglobin
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What gives blood its red color?
The oxidation of the iron atoms of hemoglobin
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What benefit does the biconcave shape of blood cells give?
The shape provides 30% more surface area allowing rapid difusion of oxygen into and out of erythrocytes
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Erythrocytes lack mitochondria and do not consume the oxygen it carries, so it generates energy using this process.
Anaerobic mechanisms.
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This is the only formed elements with the usual organelles and prominent nuclei.
Leukocytes
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Where do leukocytes typically function in the body?
They function outside the bloodtream in the loose CTs where infections occur.
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This process is how leukocytes leave the capillaries by actively squeezing between the endothelial cells.
diapedesis
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Leukocytes are made and stored here.
Bone marrow
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A patient who has a leukocyte count exceeding 11,000 per cubic mm showing infetion or inflammation, is said to have this.
Leukocytosis
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What are the 2 main group types of leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
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What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
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Along with phagocytes, this engulfs and digest foreign cells or molecules
Granulocytes
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What are the 2 types of argranulocytes?
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T or F: agranulocytes contain many obvious granules
False: they lack granules, but granulocytes contains many obvious ones.
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These two are the most abundant types of leukocytes
Neutrophils and lymphocytes
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This is the least abundant type of leukocytes
Basophils
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From the most abundant to least, what does this mnemonic stand for: NLMEB - Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
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What is the function of neutrophils and how does it achieve it?
It destroys bacteria by containing enzymes that specifically destroy the cell walls of bacteria.
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This is he first line of defense in an inflammatory response by releasing bacteria destroying enzymes into the infected tissue.
Neutrophils
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How is Pus created?
A prolonged and severe inflammation can create pus, whih is composed of dead neutrophils and other leukocytes, plus tissue debris and dead bacteria.
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These are rare leukocytes and account for 1% to 4% of all leukocytes
Eosinophils.
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The granules of this leukocyte contains digestive enzymes that function during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
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How do eosinophils play a role in ending an allergic reaction?
They phagocytize allergens after the allergens are bound to antibodies. They then release enzymes that degrade histamine.
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What is the main function of Basophils?
They contain granules that release histamine and other molecules during allergic responses and parasitic infections.
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This leukocyte is the most important and is mostly embeded in lymphoid CTs, where they play a crucial role in immunity.
Lymphocytes
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This is a molecule that induces a response from a lymphocytes
Antigen
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What are the two main classes of lymphocytes?
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T or F: B cells attack foreign bodies directly and T cells produce antibodies.
False: T-cells attack foreign cells directly, while B-cells produce antibodies.
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This is the largest leukocyte and transform into macrophages.
Monocytes
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Platelets are formed by breaking off of larger cells called what?
megakaryocytes
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What is responsible for plugging up small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding?
Platelets
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This process is the sequence of chemical reactions in blood plasma that ultimately generates a network of tough fibrin strands among the accumulated platelets in blood vessels.
Clotting
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These are immature erythrocytes that make up 1-2% of all circulating erythrocytes.
Reticulocytes
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