-
Normal rbc count in dog:
Normal wbc count in dog:
rbc to wbc ratio:
- > 6,000,000
- > 10,000 - 12,000
- > 500rbc:1wbc
-
Study of rbc specifically
hematology
-
Blood --> viscous fluid made up of fluid and cellular portion.
--> fluid portion made up of ______ (___%), _______ (minor elements with a charge)
water (98%), electrolytes
-
Name the electrolytes found in the blood and their volume (mEq/L)
- 1. sodium - 145 mEq/L
- 2. chloride - 110 - 115 mEq/L
- 3. potassium - 4
- 4. calcium - 4
- 5. magnesium - 4
- 6. phosphate - 4
-
Difference between lactated ringers and normal saline?
- N saline> used in people> sodium, chloride
- lactated ringers> vet md> water and all electrolytes
-
what is shock?
movement of blood from the peripheral circulation to the internal circulation to reach the organs
-
largest organ in the body
integumentary system
-
Why do we give fluids during shock?
- > maintain blood pressure to keep kidneys working so glomerulous of kidney can filter toxins
- >when animal die from shock they die from renal failure
-
How do we get a PCV or Hematocrit?
- >fill microhematocrit tube 80%
- >apply clay plug
- >place in centrifuge for 3 minutes
- >centrifuge divides blood into fluid portion and cellular portion
-
Normal PCV:
>dog
>cat
>bovine
>horse
- dog> 45 - 40
- cat> 37
- bovine> 35
- horse> CB 35
- horse> HB 42
-
Formula for Cellular Respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy>ATP
-
____ taking in oxygen using oxygen get rid of CO2 and H2O
> must have adequate _______ and _______
- respiration
- > rbc w/ oxygen and blood flow
-
Essentials needed for erythropoeisis
- >erythropoetin
- >water
- >B complex vitamins
- >good quality protein
- >Iron (copper and cobalt)
-
White Blood Cells and their range:
- band neutrophil> 2-6
- segmented neutrophil> 60-80
- lymphocyte> 18-25
- monocyte> 4-9
- eosinophil> 0-2
- basophil> 0-2
-
RBC morphology
> splotchy looking, result of rough or improper handling
> pac-man rbc (horn cell)
> tear drop
> produced by toxins and toxicities. Ketchup bottle sticking out of the cell
> split rbc, fragments - signs of kidney failure
> always indicator of anemia
- > crenation
- > keratocyte
- > dacrocyte
- > Heinz Body
- > schistocyte
- > target cell
-
_____ characterized by a low number of rbc> can be seen in a PCV as a low PCV
Anemic
-
> % of rbc to total volume of blood
PCV
-
The production of RBC, _______, takes place in the _________ along with the production of ____. However, lymphocytes are produced by ____.
- >erythropoeisis
- >bone marrow
- >wbc
- >lymphoid tissues
-
Lack of erythropoesis results in _____ being dumped into circulation along with the presence of _______ when the number of RBC decrease.
reticulocytes, nucleated rbc
-
The life of a RBC is ______. Then it is pulled out of circulation by the _____ to be stored and reused for erythropoeitin.
-
Major thing that encourages rbc production
- tissue hypoxia - lack of oxygen in the tissue and cells
- and an increased heart rate
-
2 kinds of Anemia:
- Regenerative anemia
- Non-Regenerative anemia
-
> level of erythropoeisis with the presence of reticulocytes is less than needed for the degree if anemia.
Non-regenerative anemia
-
Characteristics of regenerative and non-regenerative anemia
- >reticulocytes, anisocytosis, polychromasia
- >normocytic and normochromic rbc
-
2 situations that may cause a non-regenerative anemia
- 1. nutrutional deficiency
- 2. intestinal parasite
-
2 ways to classify clinical anemia:
> rapid onset
> 72 hrs+, at least 3 days
acute and chronic
-
3 major signs of hemolysis(_____) seen in acute anemia
> yellowish tinge to the mucus membranes
> uniformly mixed throughout urine--> not in clumps
> due to inflammatory response
- destruction of rbc - spliting
- >icterus
- >hemoglobinurea
- >elevated temp
-
Classic example of acute anemia
Leptosporosis
-
Characteristics of chronic anemia
>
> - type of edema in dogs, fluid in the abdomen
> - machinery shop, wishy washy
- pale mucus membranes
- ascites
- heart murmur
-
Why does it take 3-4 days after anemia before you start seeing signs of regenerative anemia? and why is this time frame longer in horses?
- Spleen releases reserves the first 3-4 days
- > horses have a huge spleen with larger reserve
-
Signs of regeneration are sufficient enough for the degree or level of anemia
regenerative anemia
-
At what point do we consider a blood transfusion in the dog or cat?
-
3 substances toxic to kidneys that can lead to a non-regenerative anemia
- >antifreeze
- >anesthesia
- >heartworm medication
-
2 types of regenerative anemias
- >blood loss anemia
- >blood destruction anemia
-
Types of chronic blood loss that lead to blood loss anemia:
a) tumors, ulcers, neoplasms
b) ____ bleed into body cavity> occurs over weeks - not 24hr period
c) ___ or ____ deficiencies
d) ___ genetic blood pathology, Von Wildebrandt> seen in dobies
e) diminished number of circulating platelets
- a) GI lesions/disorders
- b) neoplasms
- c) vitamin k/prothrombin
- d) hemophilia
- e) thrombocytopenia
-
DIC(____)> common causes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
- 1. heartworms
- 2. heartworm treatment
- 3. heat stroke
- 4. idiopathogenic
- 5. surgery on long bones
-
Blood sucking parasites seen with blood loss anemia
a) fleas, ticks, lice
b) hookworms
- ectoparasites
- endoparasites
-
Blood sucking endo-parasites seen with blood loss anemia> can treat with ______
> deadly to the puppy, hookworms
> in cattle
> liver flukes found in cattle. Not deadly but decrease slaughter value - decrease amount of blood available
> a common factor seen with this parasite is the concrete environment- improper sanitation. ____ should take care of it
- ivermectin
- > Ancylostoma caninum
- > Haemonchus contortus
- > Fasciola hepatica
- > coccidia - albon
-
Allergies, skin problems, and parasites cause an increase in ______ production.
6 or more could be an indicator of ______.
-
Bracken fern poisoning leading to acute blood loss anemia
>> ___ is affected,
>>signs:
- a. (found in cattle)
- >> a chemical in the plant is a strong anticoagulant
- >> signs: bleed from every orifice within hours of consuming
-
_______poisoning in cattle that leads to an acute blood loss anemia
>> clover must be _____
>> chemical is released
>> signs:
- Sweet clover poisoning
- >> damaged
- >> dicumarin - anticoagulant
- >> bleeding from every orifice
-
_____ leads to an acute blood loss anemia
>>hit by a car
>>cut/laceration
>>fight
>>surgery
trauma
-
_____ poisoning can lead to an acute blood loss anemia
> found in rat poison - warfarin, very deadly - bleeds from every orifice
dicumarin
-
_____ anemia seen in regenerative anemias
>blood destruction
>rbc hemolysis damage
hemolytic anemia
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias:
1) blood parasite found in cattle
>rickettsial parasite --> appearance on a slide: 
a___ b___ c___
>spread by -
>can be ________ - reusing dehoning instruments, ear tag gun, etc w/o proper sanitation before and after
>blood born - tic
- Anaplasmosis
- >a. centrale b. ova c. marginale
- > one drop of blood
- > iatrogenically induced
- > Boophilus annulatus
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
>Protozoan, not a bacteria
____ - piroplasmosis bovine (in cattle)
> vector transmission - _____
> 1st infection to be proven to be transmitted by an arthropod vector - tic____, fleas____, mosquitoes_____
- Babesia
- Bovine babesiosis
- > tic
- > babesia, bubonic plague, heart worms (dog) and malaria in people
-
Signs seen with Babesia
> Bovine babesiosis
fever, pale mucus membranes, listless, icterus, hemoglobinurea, malayse, ADR, loss of appetite, anemia
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
Equine babesia
> causes:
> 2ndry to initial pathology:
- Babesia caballi
- > destruction of rbc, lethargy
- > pneumoina
-
Malaria is transmitted by ________ (biological vector)
>if it is non-living referred to as ______: water bowl
>to be a _______, part of the life cycle of the pathogen must take place within the insect/2nd party.
- Anopheles mosquito
- > fomite
- > biological vector
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
deadly RNA virus -retrovirus spread by one drop of blood, either by (a)_______, (b)________, or (c)________.
>no cure, no vaccine
>test developed (1970)
- Equine infectious anemia
- a) biting flies(vector) b) mosquitoes c) iatrogenically induced
- >coggins test
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
3 stages of EIA
1._________
>>no visible signs of illness. With moderate activity horse still performs normally
>>clinical signs:
>>how quickly the horse moves from stage 1 to stage 2 is dependent on---> a)_____ b)______ c)_______ d)_______
horse can go back and forth between stage 1 and 2 dependent on its general health
- Chronic stage
- >> low pcv (34) and +coggins test
- >> a) nutrition b) parasite load c) increased physical activity d) stress
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
3 stages of EIA
2._________
>>start showing signs:
>>start to stumble
>>have a fluctuating fever spike
>>something sets the horse off taking it to the 3rd and final stage>no going back
- 2. Sub-acute
- >> low rbc count (N 8mill) of 4mill, gradual anemia, gradual weight loss
- >>series of temp spikes
-
Transmissible hemolyitc anemias
3 stages of EIA
3._________
>> very sick, obvious to owner
>> signs:
>>death within _____
- 3. Acute
- >> high temp that does not relpase, low pcv, extreme weakness, depression, does not eat well, drinks a lot
- >>death w/i a month
-
2 reasons why you never do an in-clinic coggins test:
1.
2.
- 1. Difficult to read, subtle to detect
- 2. Don't want clinic being liable for misreading the test
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemia
>protista
>1st reported in dogs in Singapore SE Asia (1963) or in _____ (1937)
>U.S. Army dogs were exposed to this in _______ and had to be euthanized
>protista, chlamydial --> very high temp
>signs: 1)_____ 2)______ 3)_____ 4)______
- Africa
- Vietnam
- Ehrlichia canis
- signs: 1) elevated temp (105°F) 2) limb edema/pitting edema 3) epistaxis (nose bleed) 4) petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhaging
-
Transmissible hemolytic anemias
>mycoplasma hemofelis
>only in cats
>blood parasite that destroys rbc and causes a regenerative hemolytic anemia
>signs:
>stress causes the anemia (scenarios of stress)>
>treatment:
- Feline Hemabartonella Felis
- >signs: pcv very low ↓20, very low hemoglobin (4), may have a temperature
- >stress: moving, going to clinic (ride), new cat, new baby, changes to the environment
- >treatment: tetracycline
-
Toxic hemolytic anemia
1. Copper poisoning
>found in _______ in the hay/pasture. Grazing cow is safe.
>copper builds up in the cow's _____ over time.
-
What are the dangers associated with fight or flight response in a cow with copper build up in the liver?
- >stress is the key factor
- >during a fight or flight response adrenocorticoid steroids are dumped from the adrenal gland to increase heart rate, increase respiration, and gluconeogenesis: liver dumps glycogen along w/ copper toxins into circulation.
-
Toxins creating hemolytic anemia
How do we get lead poisoning in dogs?
>signs:
>what can we see on a blood smear?
- lead-based paint
- >decorative paint, light colors, is lead-based
- >dog gets a hold of small decorative painted item > drinks from lead-based water bowl
- >roof shingles
- signs: "tummy ache", GI problems, anemia, could also be Phenol compounds
- >blood smear: a lot of target cells and nucleated rbc
-
How do we get lead poisoning in cattle and horses?
a.
b.
c.
signs: CNS problems>
Blood smear:
- a. discarded truck battery in pasture
- b. rough tongue "sand paper" - strip paint off barn shed
- c. horses and humans get lead line on gum line> horses consume hay/pasture contaminated with lead from oil refinery
- >signs: destruction of rbc, GI problems, colic
- ---> ataxia, staggering, tetany
- >reticulocytes, fairly N pcv, nucleated rbc, target cells
-
Why would snake bite give tetanus to a horse?
>snake venom causes:
- >snake mouth is dirty
- >cold-blooded, bacteria can grow in its mouth (gram+)
- >icterus, hemolysis, interfere with blood clotting, hemoglobinurea, hemoglobinicterus
-
How can a snake bite lead gangrene and amputation?
>gram+ bacteria found in snakes mouth produces a deadly exotoxin in an anaerobic environment that gets into blood stream and causes gangrene - lack of oxygen to the tissue result in necrosis causes gangrene
-
2 kinds of gangrene
>_____ no gram+ bacteria present, lack of exotoxins
>_____ anaerobic bacteria produces deadly exotoxins
- >dry gangrene
- >moist gangrene
-
What do we see on a blood smear with AIHA?
>characteristic cell
- autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- >anisocytosis, reticulocytes, nucleated rbc, metarubricyte
- >spherocyte
-
Parasitic diseases (_____) that are not blood-sucking but can still cause anemia by_____
- >tapes and rounds
- >takes the nutrition needed for erythropoeisis
-
How can damage to the kidneys cause a non-regenerative anemia:
1.
>>end stage of renal failure, irreversible kidney damage
>>specific gravity becomes fixed:
>>kidney produces_____
2. Acute kidney damage
>>
>>
- 1. chronic interstitial nephritis
- >>1.008 - 1.012, 1.010
- >>erythropoeitin - hormone used in erythropoeisis
- 2.
- >>anesthesia
- >>anti-freeze poisoning
-
3 basic causes of hyperadrenocoticism
1.
2.
3.
- 1. excessive production of ACTH
- 2. tumor of adrenal cortex
- 3. cushings - iatrogenical. long term use of steroids will give you disuse atrophy often leading to
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