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A personal ad on Craigslist that states, Looking for a handsome guy on the same wavelength as me, is an example of which attraction principle?
matching
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Evaluation apprehension should lead to...
Social facilitation
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Moreland and beaches confederate in the classroom study suggests that students who attend class most often will be ____ compared to students who rarely or never attend class
Seen as more attractive
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Which country has the highest crime rate?
US
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Definition of aggression
Behavior intended to injure another who is motivated to avoid it
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2 characteristics of aggression
- -it is behavior
- *does not mean angry feelings
- -it is intended
- *does not mean accidental
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Definition of assertiveness
Behavior intended to express dominance of confidence
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Is assertiveness = aggression?
No it is not
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Definition of indirect aggression
Attempt to hurt another without obvious face to face conflict
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Example of indirect aggression
Spreading a rumor that your ex has STD
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What is direct aggression?
Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
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Example of direct aggression
A hockey player punches another player
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Definition of emotional aggression
Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
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Example of emotional aggression
A child throws a temper tantrum after mom refuses to buy candy
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Definition of instrumental aggression
Hurting another to accomplish another (nonaggressive) goal
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Example of instrumental aggression
A mother spanks child to discourage him from repeating a tantrum
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Theories on aggression) Freudian theory (3)
-hydraulic theory
-we have instinct to be aggressive
-aggression is cathartic
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Theories on aggression) 2 criticisms of Freudian theory
-no empirical support
-catharsis does not reduce aggression if anything it often increases aggression
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Theories on aggression) basis of hydraulic theory (Freudian)
We store aggression which in turn needs to be let out
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Theories on aggression) what has twin studies shown us regarding aggression? (biological theories)
Aggression is correlated higher among mono twins than di twins
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Theories on aggression) bio theories: amygdala
amygdala is activated more when aggression behaviors ensue
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Theories on aggression) bio theories: serotonin
The more serotonin activity the more aggressive behavior can be suppressed
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Theories on aggression) bio theories: testosterone
The more testosterone, the more aggressive the person will be
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Theories on aggression) Gender differences: is there a clear sex difference in reporting feelings of anger?
No clear evidence
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Theories on aggression) gender differences: what form of aggression do men usually use?
- More physical, direct forms of aggression
- *fistfights
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Theories on aggression) gender differences : what form of aggression do women usually display?
- More indirect forms of aggression
- *spreading rumors
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Gender difference in aggression within heterosexual relationships) Women are more likely to...
- Use physical aggression against partners
- *slapping, punching
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Gender difference in aggression within heterosexual relationships) men are more likely...
To do more physical harm thus get more attention
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Gender) which gender commits the vast majority of homicides?
men
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Gender differences in aggression) men are more likely to attack...
Physically when unprovoked
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Gender difference in aggression) Bettencourt & miller meta analysis results
Found that when provocation is involved, gender difference in physical aggression is reduced or eliminated
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Alcohol AND aggression
Alcohol increases aggression in men, women, hostile/non hostile people
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Why does alcohol increase aggression?
Impairs normal inhibitory processes
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ALCOHOL and the way we process information
When consuming alcohol we are more likely to focus more on immediate feelings and reactions than to consider the larger picture
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Alcohol & aggression) bartholow & Heinz experiment results
After seeing alcohol images, subjects responded faster to aggressive words than to neutral words
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis) original theory
Aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior
- *threats to one's relationships= someone flirts with gf3
- *threats to self= someone insults you
- *environmental frustrations = traffic jam when running late
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis) limitations of the frustration-aggression (3)
-people don't always act aggressively when frustrated
-theory doesn't specify what sources of frustration are
-can't account for instrumental aggression
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis) revised : (2)
-One of the consequences of frustration can be aggression
-any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
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How did the frustration-aggression revised hypotheses structure out?
Frustration, pain, heat, and any other unpleasant experience will lead to negative feelings which then turns into emotional aggression
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How did the original frustration-aggression hypothesis structure out?
Frustration (only frustration) led to all forms of aggression
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Heat hypothesis) heat is correlated with..
-MLB pitchers throwing more balls at batters
-more aggressive horn honking
-assaults
-murders
-urban riots
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What's premise of heat hypothesis ?
Hot temps correlated with higher crime rate and aggression
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Social learning theory and aggression
- Learn aggression by observing others
- *boob studies
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Learning aggression) boob studies results: more imitative aggression occurred when? (2)
-model was rewarded
- -IDing with model was high
- *same gender
- *friend or teacher
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effect of observed consequences on imitative behavior results: (3) (look at graph)
-if model was rewarded, boys did more than girls
-if model was punished, boys did a lot more than girls (almost none)
-if there weren't any consequences, boys did more
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Mere presence of weapons) what happens when exposed to aggressive stimuli (guns, knives)
The mere presence of aggressive stimuli enhances aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions
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3 ways to measure aggression
-electric shocks
-noise blasts
-hot sauce
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3 criticisms of lab studies
-measures are artificial
-setting is artificial
-participants know they're being observed
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Lab and field measures correlation?
Correlation is very high meaning aggression measures in the lab represents the same construct as aggression in natural settings
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