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What is animal tissues?
a group of similar cells that together carry on a particular function
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What are the 4 main types of animal tissues?
- 1. Epithelium
- 2. Connective
- 3. Muscle
- 4. Nervous
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What is the integumentary organ systems function?
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What is the function of the urinary system?
- to filter toxins and waste
- ex. kidneys, bladder
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What is digestion?
the breaking down of foods into small molecules that can be absorbed into the body
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What is hydra?
single opening digestive system
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What is nervous coordination?
Works as neurons send nerve impulses along pathways
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What is Hydra?
has a single simple "nerve net", impulses can go in any direction
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What is the reproductive type?
sexual
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What is sexual?
two parents involves, offspring genetically different from parent
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What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg
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What is meiosis?
Process in which sex cells are made (egg or sperm)
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How does the process of meiosis work?
Begins with one diploid cell and results in 4 haploid cells
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What is diploid?
cell that contains 2 copies of every numbered chromosome
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What is haploid?
Cell that contains one copy of every numbered chromosome
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How many number of diploids in a human?
46 (2n)
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How many haploids in a human?
23 (n)
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What are the two stages of meiosis?
- Meiosis 1
- Meiosis II
- Each stage containing prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase
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What is the importance of meiosis and Sexual reproduction?
Genetic material gets exchanged during prophase 1, increasing genetic variability
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What are the 2 functions of the male gonads (testes)?
- 1.Produce sperm
- 2. Produce testosterone
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What are the functions of the male epididymis?
1. Serves as storage and maturation site for sperm cells
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What is the reason for testes located outside body?
Sperm production is best at a slightly lower temperature than the body
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What is the function of the oviducts (fallopian tubes)?
Conducts unfertilized eggs from ovary to uterus
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Where is the location of the embryo and fetus?
The uterus (womb)
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What happens day one of the menstrual cycle?
menses (period) begins
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What happens the 14 day of of menstrual cycle?
ovulation begins
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What is the typical length of the menstrual cycle?
28 days
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what is contraception?
Success and failure rates
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WHat is lowest failure rates?
abstinence, sterilization, synthetic hormones
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What is in vitro fertilization?
sperm and egg are joined in petri dish, then inserted in female
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Which 2 STDs are viral infections?
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Which 3 STDs are bacterial infections?
- 1. Gonorrhea
- 2. Syphillis
- 3. Chlamydia
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What did Gregor Mendle do that contributed to biology?
- He figured out the basic pattern of inheritance
- Studied Pea plants
- "Father of genetics"
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What is the law of segregation?
In the formation of genetics, the pairs seperate
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What is pure breeding?
Having 2 genes but also 2 identical alleles
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what is phenotype?
The physical expression
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What is multiple alleles?
in a given population, when there are more than 1 alleles for a particular genotype
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Multiple Alleles in Blood
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What is polygenes?
Refers to the traits that result from combined expression of several genes
ex. skin color, eye color, height, intelligence
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How are SCA, Huntington Disease and CF inherited?
Mutation that makes a gene defective
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What is nondisjunction?
An error which occurs during meiosis, the chromosomes are not separated properly and the resulting gametes have too many or too few chromosomes
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WHat is the relationship between the sex chromosomes and the sex of an individual?
Chromosome pair #23 determines the sex of the individual
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What are 2 examples of human sex-linked traits or disorders?
- 1. Hemophila
- 2. Color blindness
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What is klinefelter syndrome?
- A male with the sex chromosomes combination of XXY
- Has 47 instead of 46 chromosomes
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What are the 2 main sources of variation between individuals?
- 1. Heredity
- 2. Environment
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What is homologous chromosomes?
chromosomes that are part of a numbered pair, have same genetic information
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What is homozygous?
Two copies of the same allele, AA or aa
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What is punnett square?
diagram used to predict results of a genetic cross, uses alleles
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What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is the subunit of DNA?
Nucleotides
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What are the 3 compositions of nucleotides?
- 1. Phosphate
- 2. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- 3. Nitrogen-containing base
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What are the 4 nitrogen basis of DNA?
- 1. Adenine
- 2. Guanine
- 3. Thymine
- 4. Cytosine
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What are the 3 functions of DNA?
- 1. Replication
- 2. Control of Cellular biochemistry, what molecules are made
- 3. Cell function
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Where is the location of most (eukaryotic) DNA?
Nucleus
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What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
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What are the 3 types of RNA?
- 1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- 2. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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What is the function of TRNA?
Transports amino acid to ribosome during translation
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What is the function of mRNA?
Carries genetic information from nucleus to ribosome
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What is the job of rRNA?
compose ribosome=protein
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What is replication?
DNA to another DNA
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What is transcription?
- Change from DNA to mRNA
- mRNA can leave the nucleus and go to the ribosomes (tRNA)
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What is translation?
Change from mRNA to tRNA
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What is chromosome aberrations?
- An abnormality in either one chromosome or in the total number of chromosomes of an individual
- lead to abnormal phenotype
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What is a carciogen?
something that causes cancer
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What are exons?
- DNA sequences along segments of DNA
- Are expressed and code for amino acids
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What are regulatory proteins?
Bind to specific regions of DNA and can be 'Turn on or off" the process of transcription
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What is plasmid?
circular piece of DNA located in bacterial cell, outside of it's genome often carries genes for antibiotic resistance
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What is a vector?
A carrier that intrudes foreign genes into cells
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What are the approximate amount of human genes?
20,000-30,000 genes (best estimate 23,000)
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