Pathophysiology Test 3

• Lungs: o2 and co2 out
• Muscles of respirations:breathing is a passive process from high to low.
• Brain:Sympathethics increases respiratory rate,
• Para: decrease

• Nasopharynx:and
• Oropharynx

Larynx: voice box

• 1.protection
• 2.immune support-debris,mucins(proteoglycans),bacteria interface
• 3.lubricant-to allow food move into digestive tract
• 90%apirations go into the right lung

Protect the larynx voice box

complete lung collapse

One lobe partial collapse

pomegranates only in alveoli, it deceases surface area for gas exchange, less oxygen in the blood, gas exchange problem.

Is an inflammation of the tissue lining,mucosa membranes

Mediastinum: self from non-self

intubation,connected to epiglottis

• accessory muscles
• elastic properties of the lungs and chest walls
• resistance air-flow through the conducting airways.

Diaphram and intercostal muscles(between the ribs), causes negative pressure that draws gas into the lungs through the upper airways trachea, increase during excersie

abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

Surfactant lowers by coating the alveoli, lipoprotein produced by type 2 alveolar cells

lungs to returning to its normal state after inspiration, depends on chest wall.

• Increased compliance indicates has lost some elastic recoil and abnormally easy to inflate:
• Decreased compliance: stiff or difficult to inflate.

airway increases when the diameter of the airway decreases. Bronchoconstriction, which increases airway resistance can be caused by parasympathetic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle. or by edema or tumors

is determined by muscular effort, and oxygen required. More muscle effort is required when lung compliance decreases,

• Ventilation:is the movement of air between the environment and the lungs
• Diffusion:of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood , happens in the lungs
• Perfusion:the blood that reaches the capillaries
• Diffusion:from capillaries into tissue cells out of blood

• 1.Apneustic center-stimulates neurons to promote expiration and inspiration intercostal and diaphram.
• 2.Pneumotaxic center:stimulated neurons to promote expiration via the internal intercostals and rectus abdominis

• 1.Chemoreceptors-central located in the medulla
• 2.PEripheral-located in the aorta and carotid bodies
• **Both detect increased levels in co2 and then stimulate increase in RR

• 1. mechanical movement-of gas or air into and out the lungs
• 2.minute volume - ventilator rate multiplied by the volume of air per breath
• 3.alveolar ventilation:the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange with the blood per unit time.

• Alveoli-epithelial cells
• -Type 1 alveolar cells, alveolar structure, where diffusion of respiratory gasses occur.
• -Type 2-surfactant production

• has a lower pressure than the systemic circulation.
• One-third of pulmonary vessels are filled with blood at any given time.

Alveolocapillary membrane formed by the shared alveolar and capillary walls

• -Gas-exchange occurs across this membrane
• -Membrane -Type 1

• oxygen transport-diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane.
• -dissolved in plasma
• -oxyhemoglobin-

• carbon dioxide
• dissolved in plasma
• bicarbonate-(Hco3)-90% of co2
• carbaminohemoglobin

• PA-alveoli pressure
• PIP-intrapleura pressure
• PB-atmosphere pressure
• Inhalation: PB>PA>PIP
• Exhalation: PA>PIP>PB

high Co2(low02)-vasoconstriction

• low co2(high02)-vasodilation
• co2=acid=lowph
• hco3=basehigh PH
• *high co2 massive vasoconstriction cause pulmonary hypetension