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Apical portion of the nose, including nostrils, devoid of hair.
Nasal plane
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Median groove between the nostrils.
Philtrum
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Bony opening into the nasal cavity.
Nasal aperture
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Curved cartilage that supports the roof and the wing of the nose.
Alar cartilage
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The nasal septum is made up of... (2)
septal cartilage and osseous components
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The alar fold contains ________ opening of the ________ duct.
rostral; nasolacrimal duct
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Caudal openings of the nasal cavities.
Choanae
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The bony scrolls covered by nasal mucosa and filling each half of the nasal cavity.
nasal conchae
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What are the types of conchae?
ventral, dorsal, ethmoidal conchae
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The ethmoid bone is also called the ____________.
ethmoidal labyrinth
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What structure is present in the nasal cavity of a cat but not a dog?
middle nasal concha
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A passage in the nasal cavity.
meatus
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Dorsal to the dorsal concha.
dorsal meatus
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Between dorsal and ventral conchae.
middle nasal meatus
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Ventral to ventral concha.
ventral nasal meatus
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Between nasal conchae and septum.
Common nasal concha
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Diverticula of the nasal cavity which excavate the skull.
paranasal sinuses
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Paranasal sinuses are lined by a ___________ and communicate with _____________.
mucous membrane; nasal cavity
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The ________ is behind the front bone.
frontal sinus
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The _______________ is above the 4th upper premolar to the second molar.
maxillary sinus/recess
-
What are the functions of the muscles of the face?
open, close, or move the lips, eyelids nose, and ears
-
The muscles f the face are innervated by...
the facial nerve (CN VII)
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Cutaneous muscle that passes from the dorsal median raphe of the neck to the angle of the mouth, where it radiates into the orbicularis oris in the lips.
platysma
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Muscle that lie near the free borders of the lips and extends from one lip to the other around the angle of the mouth.
orbicularis oris
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Thin, wide muscle that forms the foundation of the cheek; it attaches to the alveolar margins of the mandible and maxilla and the adjacent buccal mucosa.
buccinator muscle
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A flat muscle lying beneath the skin on the lateral surface of the maxillary bone; originates at maxillary bone, courses rostroventrally, and attaches at the edge of the superior lip and on the naris.
levator nasolabialis
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The levator nasolabialis m. has what functions?
dilates the nostril and raises the superior lip
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The muscle that lies partly in the eyelids and is attached medially to the medial palpebral ligament.
orbicularis oculi
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What 2 bones make up the roof of the cranium?
parietal and front skill bones
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The _________ makes up the floor of the cranium.
sphenoid bone
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The meeting point of sagittal and nuchal crests.
external occipital protuberance
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The ___________ articulates with cervical vertebra 1 (atlas).
occipital condyle
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What is the attachment for digastrictus m. on the cranium?
paracondylar process of the occipital bone
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What is the opening for the spinal cord in the cranium?
foramen magnum of the occipital bone
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What makes up the medial surface of the orbit?
lacrimal bone
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What makes up the caudal part of the nasopharynx?
pterygoid bone
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The osseous part of the nasal septum.
Vomer
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The mandible articulates with the...
mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
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The vertical part of the mandible that bears no teeth.
ramus
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The joint between the condylar process and the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
temporomandibular joint
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The motor branch of the mandibular nerve to masseter m. passes over the ________.
mandibular notch
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The inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve travel through the ___________ to supply the __________.
mandibular foramen and canal; lower teeth
-
A common site of fracture in the mandible.
mandibular symphysis, where the two mandibles (right and left) join rostrally
-
The only part of the hyoid apparatus that is not bone.
tympanohyoid cartilage
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Diverticula of the nasal cavity which excavate the skull.
paranasal sinuses
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Paranasal sinuses are lined by ___________ and communicate with the _________.
mucous membrane; nasal cavity
-
The ventral, median fold of mucosa that attaches the tongue rostrally to the floor of the oral cavity.
lingual frenulum
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Mucosa extending caudally from the caruncle.
sublingual fold
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Slightly raised elevation of mucosa that is lateral to the rostral part of the frenulum and protrudes from the floor of the oral cavity; the point where the salivary ducts open into the oral cavity.
sublingual caruncle
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The fibrous spicule inside the ventral part of the tongue.
Lyssa
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Papillae that form rows on the body and apex of the tongue; they have multiple pointed tips directed caudally.
filiform papillae
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Gustatory papillae that are distributed among the filiform and conical papillae; have a smooth, rounded surface.
fungiform papillae
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Gustatory papillae arranged in the form of a "V" at the junction of the body and root of the tongue.
vallate papillae
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Gustatory papillae that are on the lateral margins of the root of the tongue; have a leaf-like appearance.
foliate papillae
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Papillae with one, pointed tip that are positioned at the root of the tongue.
conical papillae
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Papillae on the lateral, rostral surfaces of the tongue in puppies only.
marginal papillae
-
What i characteristic of a cat tongue?
caudally directed, strongly keratinized conical papillae that serves as a stiff brush for grooming
-
The branch of the facial nerve that innervates the rostral 2/3 of the tongue for TASTE.
chorda tympani
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The nerve that innervates the caudal 1/3 of the tongue to TASTE.
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
-
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) that innervates the tongue for SENSATION. What other nerve innervates the tongue for sensation?
lingual nerve; CN IX
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All lingual muscles are innervated for motor function by...
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
-
Functions of the intrinsic lingual muscles.
protrude the tongue, prevent the tongue from being bitten
-
Styloglossus m.
- Attachments- runs from stylohyoid bone to middle of tongue
- Function- retracts and elevates tongue
- Innervation- Hypoglossal nerve
-
Hyoglossus m.
- Attachments- from basihyoid and thyrohyoid bones to the root of the tongue
- Function- retracts and depresses tongue
- Innervation- hypoglossal nerve
-
Genioglossus m.
- Attachments- from the intermandibular symphysis to the tongue, basihyoid, and ceratohyoid bones
- Function- to protrude and retract the apex of the tongue
- Innervation- hypoglossal nerve
-
What are the functions of the hyoid muscles?
swallowing, lolling, lapping, and retching
-
The hyoid muscles are innervated by...
CNs V, IX, XII, and the first few cervical nerves
-
Sternohyoideus m.
- Attachments- sternum to basihyoid bone
- Function- pull basihyoid and tongue caudally
-
Thyrohyoideus m.
- Attachments- lamina of thyroid cartilage to thyrohyoid bone
- Function- draw hyoid apparatus caudally
-
Mylohyoideus m.
- Attachments- medial side of mandible to midline raphae and basihyoid bone
- Function- raise floor of mouth and draw hyoid apparatus rostrally
-
Geniohyoideus m.
- Attachments- chin to basihyoid bone
- Function- draw hyoid apparatus cranially (swallowing) and maintain airway
-
Ceratohyoideus m.
- Attachments- Thyrohyoid bone to ceratohyoid bone
- Function- decrease angle formed by the two hyoid bones
-
The first branch of the common carotid a. is the ______________, and the continuation of the main branch is the ___________.
internal carotid a.; external carotid a.
-
The internal carotid a. has a bulge at the base known as the ___________; this functions as a _________.
carotid sinus; baroreceptor to detect pressure changes
-
The internal carotid a. supplies the __________.
brain
-
What are the 5 branches of the external carotid a. in order?
occipital a., lingual a., facial a., caudal auricular a., superficial temporal a.
-
After the ____________, the external carotid artery continues as the ____________.
superficial temporal a.; maxillary a.
-
The occipital a. is a branch of the _____________ and is supplies the....
external carotid a.; muscles on the caudal aspect of the skull and meninges
-
The lingual a. is a branch of the __________ that courses _________.
external carotid a.; ventrally
-
The lingual a. supplies the...
tonsils and tongue
-
The facial a. is a branch of the _________ that courses _________ and runs medial to the _________.
external carotid a.; ventrally; digastricus m.
-
The facial a. supplies the...
lips and nose
-
The caudal auricular a. is a branch of the ___________, and it supplies the...
external carotid a.; caudal auricular mm. and structures associated with the caudal ear
-
The superficial temporal a. is a branch of the ___________ and it supplies the...
external carotid a.; structures of the temporal region
-
What are the 5 branches of the maxillary a. in order?
inferior alveolar a., external ophthalmic a., minor palatine a., shared trunk of major palatine a. and sphenopalatine a.
-
The inferior alveolar a. enters the __________, courses through the __________, and exits out the _________.
mandibular foramen; mandibular canal; mental foramina
-
The inferior alveolar a. is a branch of the ___________, and it supplies the...
maxillary a.; roots of the lower teeth, mental branches of the skin
-
The external ophthalmic a. is a branch of the ____________, and it supplies the...
maxillary a.; structures within the periorbita
-
The minor palatine a. is a branch of the ____________; it supplies the...
maxillary a.; soft and hard palate
-
The shared trunk of the _________ and the __________ branches off the ___________ after the ___________.
major palatine a.; sphenopalatine a.; maxillary a.; minor palatine a.
-
The major palatine a. supplies the...
hard palate
-
The sphenopalatine a. supplied the...
nasal cavitiy
-
After the major palatine and sphenopalatine aa. branch, the maxillary a. becomes the __________.
infraorbital a.
-
The infraorbital a. enters the __________, passes through the __________, and exits the ___________.
maxillary foramen; infraorbital canal; infraorbital foramen
-
The infraorbital a. supplies the...
upper teeth, nose, and upper lip
-
The external jugular v. is formed by the confluence of the...
linguofacial and maxillary vv.
-
The linguofacial v. is formed by the confluence of the...
lingual and facial vv.
-
The __________ is formed by the lingual vv. on the ventral side of the head and neck.
hyoid venous arch
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