-
______ may make proper mastication impossible, predisposing the animal to develop problems such as choke or an intestinal obstruction
teeth problems
-
Etiology of _____________
Horses choke most frequently on greedily eaten dry grains; alfalfa can also cause obstructions
Esophageal obstruction/choke
-
Clinical signs of Esophageal obstruction/choke:
a.
b.
c.
- a. regurgitation
- b. anxious after eating
- c. enlargement cervical esophagus
-
complications with esophageal obstruction/choke
- aspiration pneumonia
- esophageal stricture/rupture
-
Diagnosis for ______________
detection of cervical esophageal enlargement. passage of nasogastric tube often confirms luminal obstruction
esophageal obstruction/choke
-
Treatment for choke:
a.
b.
- a. nasogastric tube passage under xylazine sedation
- b. surgery w/ endoscopic and radiographic techniques may be needed if it doesn't work
-
After obstruction is removed:
a. __________ - this will allow esophageal lumen to return to normal
b. _________ - given to prevent aspiration pneumonia
- a. feed small amounts of soft food
- b. broad spectrum antibiotics
-
Choke prevention:
a. _______ to slow down eating
b. ________ is needed
- a. rocks in feed pale
- b. regular dental care
-
Parasitic Gastric Disease:
1.
2.
- 1. horse bots
- 2. habronemiasis
-
Horse bots:
Etiology:
Clin Signs:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
- larvae of bot flies, gasterophilus
- mild gastritis or no signs at all
- specific is difficult
- routinely treat w/ botacide in fall when flies disappear
-
Equine Anatomy
Foregut includes and is what type of digestion:
Hindgut includes and is what type of digestion:
small intestine measures:
large colon measures:
- >stomach, duodenum, jejumun, ilieum. enzymatic
- >cecum, lg colon, small colon. microbial
- >22 meters
- >7-8 meters
-
Examination of Abdomen:
1. ___________: rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas in the alimentary canal and audible at a distance
2. ___________: listening with stethescope, _____ not usually heard during this.
3. A combination of mixing and propulsive contractions will take place in the ______ and_________.
- 1. Borborygmus
- 2. Auscultation. Stomach or small intestinal contractions
- 3. Cecum and large colon
-
Exam Abdomen
4. Auscultation findings be documented in _________ format.
5. Rule outs for auscultation findings
> _____ causes decreased motility
>______: increased contractile activity in an attempt to move the obstruction more distally.
>________: decreased or no contractile activity.
- 4. quadrant
- 5. > intestinal irritation/decreased perfusion
- > simple obstruction
- > infectious process, hypoperfusion from strangulating lesion.
-
Exam Abdomen
6. summary of findings
> horses with normal to increased intestinal sounds _____________
> horses with decreased sounds generally require _______
- > respond to medical therapy
- > surgery
-
_____ is a gastrointestinal upset caused by various of things
Colic
-
Etiologies of Colic (name as many as you can)
a.
b.
c.
d. > strongylus vulgaris
e. > horse will eat sand along with hay if on ground; also consumes if drinking water in shallow pond; often found in ___________ and ___________.
f.
g. >twist, torsion
h. > consists of mineralized aggregates of ingested salts that form slowly in lg colon; often found in _________.
- a. small intestinal volvulus and strangulation
- b. intussuscetion
- c. blockage
- d. thromboembolic mesenteric vascular disease
- e. sand colic
- f. large colon displacements
- g. colonic volvulus
- h. enteroliths
-
Clinical signs for Colic:
A. Abdominal pain-restlessness, attempts to roll
> ____: constant, severe pain
> ____: mild, intermittent pain
> ____: important indicator of infectious process
> ____: not usually seen in ______. in ______ causes distension in paralumbar area
- >strangulating obstruction
- >simple obstruction
- >depression
- >abdominal distension: small intestine. cecum and large intestine
-
____ pulse can be found in the legs
____ pulse can be found near fetlock
>cold limbs and faint pulse =
-
Diagnosing Colic:
a. Evaluate___
b.
c.
d.
e. >placing needle into abdomen to extract fluid
- a. TPR, peripheral pulse, CRT, MM color, and lab blood samples (PCV/TP)
- b. abdominal auscultaion
- c. nasogastric tube intubation
- d. rectal examination
- e. abdominocentesis
-
Parasites found in the mouth
>Gasterophilus
-
Parasites found in Stomach
- > Drashia megastoma
- > Habronema spp
- > Trichostrongylus axei
- > Gasterophilus spp
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