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alopecia
the loss of hair
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autograft
surgical transplantation of any tissue from one part of the body to another location in the same individual
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contracture
shortening or tension of muscle that affects extension
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major organ of the body
the skin is the outer covering of the body
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integumentary system
hair nails special glands and skin
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function of the skin
its main function is homeostasis and protection of the internal organs.
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function of the skin
protection from the environment
- pathogenic organis,foreign substance,natural barrier against infection
- temp regulation
- prevention of dehydration
- excretion of waste products
- vitamin d sythesis
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protection
within the skin are
sensory receptos that receive information about the environment
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message about
heat cold pressure and touch are received and relayed to the centeral nervous system for interpertation
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the skin aids in
eliminitation of waste products,prevents dehydration and serves as a resorvoir for food and water
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temp regulation
skin assist the body in mainitaing a constant temp under varying internal and external conditions
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blood vessles _____ when cold
constrict
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blood vessels ______ when hot to release moisture
dilate
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sweat glands release
moisture which results in cooling as the moisture evaporate.
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a layer of adipose tissue...
works as an insulator by retaining heat
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vitamin d
cholesterol compounds located in the skin are converted to vitamin d when exposed to ultraviolet rays of the sun.
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vitamin d is necessary for
healthy bone development
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structure of the skin
skin consist of two layers
outer epidermis and inner dermis( or cornium)
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epidermis
THE SUPERSICIAL FACIA MADE UP OF AN OUTER DEAD,CORNIFIED PORTION AND A DEEP LIVING CELLULAR PORTION. IS COMPOSED OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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EPIDERMIS IS DiVIDED INTO LAYERS OR STRATA
inner layer and outer layer
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inner layer
- stratum germinatyium
- is the only layer of the epidermis able to undergo cell division and reproduce itself
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outer layer
- stratum corneum
- they are flat and the cell structure is filled with a protein called keratin(horn) (horny layer)
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keratin(protein)
makes the cell dry though and somewhat water proof
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melanocytes
layer in the epidermis contains highly specialized cells
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melanin
a black or dark brown pigment occuring naturally in the hair skin iris and chroid of the eye, which is responsible for the skins color.
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DERMIS CONTAINS
GLANDS AND HAIR FOLLICLES. IT VARIES IN THICKNESS THROUGHOUT THE BODY BUT TENDS TO BE THICKEST IN THE PALMS AND SOLES. THE DERMIS IS COMPOSED OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH CELLS SCATTERED AMONG COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBERS
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COLLAGEN
GIVES STRENGTH TO THE DERMIS WHEREAS THE ELSATIC CONNECTOVE FIBERS GIVE FLEXIBILITY
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PAPILLE
LOWER EPIDERMAL LAYER
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SUB Q LAYER
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA THE LAYER OF TISSUE DIRECTLY BENEATH THE DERMIS THAT CONNECT TO THE SKIN MUSCLE SURFACE
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SUB Q LAYER IS COMPOSED OF
ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SUBQ LAYER
- STORES WATER AND FAT
- INSULATES THE BODY
- PROTECTS THE ORGANS LYING BENEATH IT AND PROVIDE A PATHWAY FOR NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS
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SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS
ARE COILED TUBELIKE STRUCTURES LOCATED IN THE DERMIS AND SUB Q LAYE. THE TUBES OPEN INTO PORES ON THE SKIN SURFACE
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HOW MANY SWEAT GLANDS LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
3 MILLION SWEAT GLAND
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SWEAT GLANDS
EXCRETE SWEAT WHICH COOLS THE BODY SURFACE.
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SWEAT IS COMPOSED OF
WATER SALTS UREA URIC ACID AMONIA SUGAR LACTIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID
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CERUMINOUS GLANDS "SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
THEY SECRETE A WAX LIKE SUBSTANCE CALLED CERUMEN AND ARE LOCATED IN THE EXTERNAL EAR CANAL
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SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL GLANDS)
SEBACEOUS GLANDS SECRETE THEIR SUBSTANCE THROUGH THE HAIR FOLICLE DISTRUBETED THROUGH THE BODY
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FUNCTION OF THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS
LUBRICATE THE SKIN HAIR THAT COVERS THE BODY SEBUM ALSO INHIBITS BACTERIA GROWTH
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The nurse should ask about the following
- recent skin lesions or rashes
- -where the lesions first appeared and how long the lesions have been present
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the color of the skin depends on many physiological factors including the following
- amount of hemoglobin in the blood
- oxygen saturation in the blood
- amount of substance such as bilirubin,urea,other chemical in the blood
- quality and quantity of blood circulating in the superficial blood vessels
- amoutn of melanin in the epidermis
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discuss the primary functions of the integumentary system
the skin is the major organ is the oter covering of the body and together with its appendages hair nails and special glands make up the integumentary system
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discuss the functions of the three major glands
- sudoriferous glands
- (sweat gland)-are coiled like tubelike structure located in the dermis and sub q layer, These layer excrete sweat which coold the body surface. sweat is composed of sugars slat urea,uric acid amonia sugar,and ascorbic acid lactic acid
- Ceruminous Glands
- (ear wax)located in the external ear canal they secrete a wax like substance called cerumen
- sebaceous (oil )glands- secrete theri own substance sebum(an oily secretion ) through the hair follicles distruted on the body
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LOSS OF EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS;CONCAVE;VARIES IN SIZE
PRESSURE SORES STASIS ULCER
ULCER
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ELEVATED;CIRCUMSCRIBED SUPERFICIAL NOT INTO DERMIS;FILLED WITH SEROUS FLUID;LESS THAN 1 CM IN DIAMETER
VARICELLA(CHICKEN POX,HERPES
VESICLE
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ELEVATED AND SOILED LESION MAY OR MAY NOT BE CLEARLY DEMACRATED DEEPER IN DERMIS GREATER THAN 2 CM IN DIAMETER
(NEOPLASM,BENIGN TUMOR,LIPOMA,HEMANGIOMA
TUMOR
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A FLAT CIRCUMSCRIBED AREA THAT IS A CHANGE IN THE COLOR OF THE SKIN;LESS THAN 1 CM IN DIAMETER
(FRECKLES,FLAT MOLES(NEVI) PETECHIAE MEASELS SCARLET FEVER
MACULE
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A FLAT NON PALPAble irregularly sheped macule more than 1 cm in diameter
vitiligo,port wine stains,mongolian spots,cafe au lait spots
patch
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loss of the epiderms linear hollowed-out crust area
(abrasion or scratch,scabies)
excoriation
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an elevated firm circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter(wart elevated moles lichen planus
papule
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fine irregular red lines produced by capillary dialtion
telangiectasia
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elvated circumscribed encapsulated lesion in dermis or sub q layer filled with liquid or semisoid material
(subaceous cyst cystic acne )
cyst
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elevated superficial lesion similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
imetigo acne
pustule
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heaped up keatinized cells flaky skin irregular thick or thin dry or oily variation in size
scale
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irregular shaped elevated progressively enlarging scar; grown beyond the bounderies of the wound caused by excessive collagen formation during healing
keloid
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rough thickened epidermis secondary to persistant rubbing itching or skin irritation often involves flexor surface of extremities
chronic dermatitis
lichenification
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thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or lcaeration to the dermis
(healed wound or incision )
scar
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elevated firm circumscribed lesion deeper in dermis than a papule 1 to 2 cm in diameter
nodule
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vesible grezater than 1 cm in diameter
(blister, pemphigus vulgaris )
bulla
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thinning of the skin surface and loss of skin mark =ings skin translucent and paper like
striage aged skin
atrophy
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dried cerum blood or purulent exudate slightly elevated size varies brown red black tan or straw scab on abrasion eczema
crust
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linear crack or break form the epidermis to the dermis may be moist or dry
fissure
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loss of part of the epidermis depressed moist glistening follows rupture of a vesicle or bulla
erosion
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elevated irregularly shaped area of cutaneous edema solid transient variable diameter
wheal
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