Animal Kingdom

• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Platyhelminthes
• Nematoda
• Annelida
• Mollusca
• Arthropoda
• Echinodermate
• Chordata: Urochordata, Cephalochordata

• Agnatha
• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia

• Chordates: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata
• Vertebrata: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

• none: Porifera
• radial: Cnidaria

endotherms: aves, mammalia

the rest are ectotherms

• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Platyhelminthes

the rest have sexual

none: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda

open: arthropoda

the rest have closed

invertebrates

sponges

primitive multicellular aquatic animals

most species marine, with a few freshwater forms

incurrent pores: lead into a central gastral cavity

collar cells: keep water moving into central cavity

osculum: large circular opening

spicules: form the skeleton to strengthen the body ...chalk, glass, fibrous

Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydroids

mostly marine, few freshwater

radial symmetry

some members exhibit alternation of generations with polyp: asexually reproducing , or medusa: sexually reproducing

have tentacles, a gastrovascular cavity, and nematocysts

outer epidermis, inner gastrodermis, jellylike layer between called mesoglea.

Flatworms: planaria, flukes, tapeworms

planaria: nonparasitic freshwater flatworm commonly found under rocks and debris

eyespots, gastrovascular cavity

Roundworms: ascaris

• intestinal parasites
• complete digestive tract

Segmented worms: earthworms, sandworms, leeches

numerous ringlike segments, five pairs of hearts

mollusks: chitons, tooth shells, snails and slugs, clams and oysters, octopi and squid

few terrestrial, most aquatic

muscular foot (tongue used for movement)

crayfish, shirmps, and crabs, insects, centipedes, millipedes,, spiders, scopions, ticks, and mites, horseshoe crabs

• segmented body: head, thorax, and abdomen
• compound eyes
• antenna
• mouth parts

serial homology - although the appendages show a great variety of modifications for various purposes they all have arisen from one basic type of appendage.

starfish

entirely marine

• spiny skin
• endoskeleton

dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits

3 subphyla: urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates

pharyngeal gill slits are the only chordate features present in the adults of this group

larvae resembles a tadpole

sea squirts

amphioxus

capable of swimming, yet usually found in the sand with only the anterior end exposed

notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column

without a jaw

lampreys and hagfish

absence of jaw, skin lacking scales, seven gill slits behind each eye, continuous median fin

cartilage fish

sharks, skates, rays

nerve endings that detect water vibrations

bony fish

perch

deposit their eggs in ponds and streams

larva hatches with functional gills, replaced by lungs in adults

internal fertilization

leathery shelled, evaporation resistant egg

scales are important for reducing evaporative water loss from the body

birds

lay shelled eggs, incubated by body heat

light weight feathers, hollow bones and forelimbs modified into wings

presence of hair and mammary glands is distinguishes

endothermic