ch 13 psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. 
 
attribution theory 
fundamental attribution error 
social psychology

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either ^ the situation or the person s disposition. 

social psychology 
fundamental attribution error 
attribution theory

the person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions.

attribution theory 
disstribution theory

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. 

fundamental attribution error 
social psychology 
attribution theory

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. 

role 
attitude 
peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. 

attitude 
peripheral route persuasion
central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. 

central route persuasion 
peripheral route persuasion
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. 


foot-in-the-door phenomenon 
central route persuasion 
peripheral route persuasion

set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. 

role 
attitude 
The power of the situation

When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ______  _______theory attempts to explain why. 

Actions role
Attitudes role
cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent, for example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. 

cognitive dissonance theory 
culture 
The power of the situation

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. 

culture 
norm
conformity

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. 

culture
norm
conformity

• Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group? 

a. Finding the group attractive 
b. Feeling secure 
c. Coming from an individualist culture 
d. Having made a prior commitment

social psychologist's obedience experiments "belong to the self-understanding of literate people in our age" 

Leon Festinger's (1957) 
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. 

informational social influence 
normative social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. 

normative social influence 
informational social influence

Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh captured this mimicry, which they call 

"mood contagion" 
chameleon effect 
Mimicry

-to feel what others are feeling. 

mood linkage 
chameleon effect 
empathize

-sharing up and down moods 

chameleon effect 
empathize- 
mood linkage—

• Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure s demands to inflict presumed life-threatening shocks on an innocent other, were conducted by social psychologist _________  __________.

Stanley Milgram 
Le Chambon
Norman Triplet

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. 

conformity 
informational social influence 
social facilitation

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. 

social loafing
deindividuation 
group polarization

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. 

group polarization 
deindividuation 
social loafing

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. 

deindividuatiors 
social loafing 
group polarization

• People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called ______ ______.

group polarization l 
social loafing

^ ; • When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called ______ _______.

social loafing 
group polarization

* When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, _______has occurred. 

groupthink 
deindividuation 
social loafing

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. _____________ generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. 

prejudice 
stereotype 
discrimination

a generalized (sometimes accurate often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. 

Prejudice 
stereotype 
discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. 

discrimination
stereotype 
prejudice

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that deserve what they get. deserve what they get. 

ingroup
outgroup 
ingroup bias 
just-world phenomenon

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity. 


Ingroup 
outgroup 
ingroup bias

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. 

ingroup 
outgroup 
just-world phenomenon

the tendency to favor our own group. 

ingroup bias 
outgroup 
ingroup

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. 

ingroup bias 
scapegoat theory 
just-world phenomenon

1 When prejudiced judgment causes us to find an undeserving person to blame for a problem, that person is called a _______.

aggression 
outgroup 
ingroup bias 
scapegoat theory

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. 

aggression
other-race effect

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. 

aggression 
stereotypes 
scapegoat

aggression

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. 

frustration-aggression principle 
Temperature and retaliation 
Neural Influences

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. 

social script
the script
the scripture

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. 

mere exposure effect 
Physical Attractiveness 
Extreme makeover

People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the ________   __________  ________in action. 

Extreme makeover team
mere exposure effect 
Psychology of Attraction

Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ______ & ________-________.
passionate love, equity 
equity, self-disclosure 
equity, passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. 

passionate love 
companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. 

companionate love 
passionate love 
equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. 

companionate love
self-disclosure 
equity

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. 

equity 
self-disclosure 
altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others. 

equity 
self-disclosure 
altruism

1. If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to 

a. moral weakness or an addictive personality. 
b. peer pressure. 
c. the easy availability of drugs on city streets. 
d. society's acceptance of drug use.

2. Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through 
__________(central/ peripheral) route persuasion.

5. We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have aheady agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ______-_______-________-__________phenomenon. 

foot-in-the-door 
social exchange theory
frustration-aggression principle

Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if 

a the group members have diverse opinions. 
b. the person feels competent and secure 
c. the person admires the group s status. 
d. no one else will observe the person's behavior.

6. In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when 

a. the "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher." 
b. the "learner" was close at hand. 
c. other "teachers" refused to go along with the experimenter. 
d. the "teacher" disliked the "learner."

In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called _________.

conflict 
grit
discrimination
deinidividuation,

9. Sharing our opinioions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ____ _______.

superordinate goals, 
self-disclosure
 scapegoat theory 
group polarization

10. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as ____________.

conflict
aggression, 
ingroup
stereotypes

If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, we 

a. blame the victim. 
b. overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases. 
c. view the world as just. 
d. rationalize inequality-

'2. The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups __________(more/less) homogeneous than our own group.

13. Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that 

a. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to cultilture. 
b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. 
c. stimulation of an area of the brain's limbic system produces aggressive behavior. 
d. a higher-than-average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males.

14. Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be 

a. learned through direct rewards. 
b. triggered by exposure to violent media. 
C. learned through observation of aggressive models. 
d. caused by hormone changes at puberty.

15. A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography 

a. has little effect on most viewers. 
b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes. 
c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations. 
d- has no effect, other than short-term arousal and entertainment.

16. The aspect of X-rated films that most directly influences men's aggression toward women seems to be the 
a. length of the film. 
b. eroticism portrayed. 
c. depictions of sexual violence. 
d. attractiveness of the actors.

The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the ________   ________effect. 


. mirror-image 
group polarization 
mere exposure 
social-cognitive

A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep  _____. love, even though their _________love has probably decreased over the years. 

mirror-image 
mere exposure 
companionate- passionate

19. After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus 

a. a reward. 
b. proximity. 
c. companionate love. 
d. our interpretation of that arousal.

20. The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if 

a. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance. 
b. no one else is present. 
c- other people are present. 
d. the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area.

21. Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of _______-______perceptions. 

mere exposure 
mirror-image 
obsessive-compulsive

22. One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called __________ goals. 

depression 
stereotypes 
superordinate

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. 

reciprocity norm 
social-responsibility norm 
social exchange theory

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. 

social-responsibility norm < 
social trap 
reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. 

social-responsibility norm 
reciprocity norm

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. 

conflict 
social trap 
reciprocity norm

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. 

social-responsibility norm 
conflict 
social trap

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. 

mirror-image perceptions 
superordinate goals
reciprocity norm

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.