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3 things to consider with economic and developmental growth
- Backward linkages-need to do now
- forward linkages-future possibilities
- unforeseen consequences
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the 7 I's factors aiding industrialization
- inventions
- innovations
- immigration
- investment
- infrastructure(internal improvements)
- "In the ground"
- Inhumanity
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backward linkage needs for national economy of industrialization
- what do we need to do now?
- need land
- need materials
- need workers
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Inventions
- cotton gin-Eli Whitney (1793)
- steamboat-Robert Fulton
- Mills-Samuel Slater
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B/F linkages & unforeseen consequences for cotton gin
- FL: now easier to produce cotton due to 100 less people needed to remove seeds
- increases cotton farms
- BL: need materials, people to pick cotton
- UC: increase of slavery-south all for it now
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B/F linkages & unforeseen consequences for steamboat
- FL: can go back up Mississippi, increase transportation
- BL: to build the boats=jobs
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B/F linkages & unforeseen consequences for Mills
- *1st Mill developed in New England from Samuel Slater-memorized textile machinery from England
- FL: workers, materials
- BL: Power from waterfalls, labor, $$ from Northern Investors
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3 Innovations
- factory systems
- interchangeable parts
- Waltham system
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putting all skills in one place
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interchangeable parts
- specialist vs. craftsmen
- one person for one specific part
- FL: don't have to go to one craftsman if part breaks
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Waltham system
- most advance machine=less skilled workers
- FL: revolving system-no permanent factory class-girls prior to marriage
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overview of what the marshall court accomplishes from 1801-1835
- *strengthens role of court(Judicial review)
- *strengthens national government
- -implied powers-elastic clause
- -interstates clauses
- *Sanctity of contract
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4 major Marshall Court cases
- * Marbury v. Madison
- * Dartmouth College Case
- * McCulloch v. Maryland
- * Gibbons v. Ogden
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Marbury v. Madison
- judicial reviews
- -court decides if laws follow constitution
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Dartmouth College Case
- Right of contract
- -New Hampshire tried to change terms of contract with college
- -court decides states may not change terms of contract
- -ensures security of business agreements
- -protect property rights
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McCulloch v. Maryland
- Necessary & proper clause
- Maryland put tax on non-state banks
- -> tax for Bank of US
- Marshall asks if congress has right to charter a bank
- -court rules yes->necessary & proper clause
- POWER STRETCH
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Supremacy Clause from the McCulloch v. Maryland case
- Supreme Law of Land
- state laws cannot override national
- takes away states power to tax due to potential abuse
- *established power of federal government over states
- promoted economic growth
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Gibsons v. Ogden
- steamboat owners trying to monopoly river usage
- nationally used
- *Interstate commerce-states cannot control
- *encourages national markets
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4 points of the background of jacksonian democracy
- Jackson as beneficiary, not initiator
- Rise of "common man"
- Jackson as war hero ("Old Hickory)
- "Second party system"
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how is Jackson a beneficiary, not initiator
- he doesn't start his reputation
- gets credit for changing electro voting by state
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Rise of the "common man"
- land requirement to vote changed
- politicians start to campaign to poor white men
- popular vote chooses electors
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"Secondary Party System"
- Whigs v. Democrats(jacksonian)
- State delegates chosen by people choose president
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Jackson's 3 campaign pieces
- hero, disciplinary yet kind general
- tough as old hickory
- man of the people/protector of "common man"
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Jackson's bad propaganda
- murderer, adulter
- has a temper
- builds grudges
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jacksonian democracy in practice (5)
- campaigns appeal to "common man"
- "spoils system"
- conception of the presidency
- conception of national government
- opposition to "privilege"
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"Spoils system"
- military reference "to victor belongs the spoils"
- *removes & replaces political positions
- Problem: lack of experience, consistancy
- Jacksons rebuttal: doesn't make a difference because common man=common sense->easy job
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Jacksons conception of presidency
- Tribune of the people
- 1st president to be voted by people
- Veto-was suppose to be a check of constitution
- he used it as a personal agenda bc he's the voice of the people
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Jackson's National Government Conception
- Supreme over states in certain areas good
- doesn't like elastic
- *absolute sovereignty within a limited sphere
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Jackson's opposition to "privilege"
doesn't like corporation rights & powers over people
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3 Areas for Jackson during presidency
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Immigration
- people drawn to pull factors:
- prospect of abundant land, good wages, and economic opportunity, political and religious freedom
- population growth stimulated economy
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Investment
- Corportations
- -only infrastructure type companies could receive state charter
- -companies needed multiple investors
- -"limited liability" everyone saw incorporation as a monopoly
- -centered for the rich
- freed America from need of foreign trade
- -high profits and prestige of manufacturing
- -cities grew=farming needs grew
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"In the ground"
- rich farmlands in western areas-corn fed salves
- Cotton
- -sea island silky but susceptible to frost
- -upland seedy-ruined cotton through roller
- BL: land from Mississippi and Alabama, tennessee
- FL: northern factories profited, sales to overseas increased econcomy
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infrastructure(internal improvements)
- private and public investment in roads=tolls to use and maintain
- steamboat production grew-decreased freight charges for the north-Nola became big and center for carnivals
- canals
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Erie Canal
- DeWitt Clinton persuaded legislature to fund
- construction performed by Benjamin Wright, Canvass White, Jervis
- camplain canal link to Hudson
- made ny lots of $$$
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Jackson and the Cherokee nation
Worcester v. Georgia
- Cherokees try to live by US standards to avoid harrassment
- Georgia decides they want their land
- Cherokees sue Georgia->marshalls supreme court
- law to limits Georgia
- Jackson doesn't back=Seminole war->slaves
- one group signed contract=
- trail of tears to Oklahoma
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Jackson Nullification
- Compormise Tariff-lowers tariff a little
- SC-Ordinance of Nullification-so they don't have to pay except here US gets $$ from
- SC thinks Jackson will have same rxn as with Cherokees
- Nope-asks congress for permission to send militia
- -congress:force bill, SC: nullify any other federal law
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why the vehemence?
Nat Turner 1831 Rebellion
- Nat: god said to free his people
- ->killed about 60 white people
- Panic about disloyal slaves
- -masters confused, feel like all family
- -fear like terrorists after 911
- *blamed abolitionists: William Garrision's Liberator
- * people want to be protected by state
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Election of 1840
- William Harrison-WHigs picked him and used him as a puppet
- tippeecanoe
- Clay thinks he's going to be prime minister
- Harrison dies 30 days later
- VP Tyler-democrat-now president
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SEcond Great Awakening?
what its in response to
- Deism: some superior being too vague
- Calvinism: reject predestination
- going to hell too strict
- New: possibility of salvation
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Changes in upstate NY that contributed to 2nd great awakening
- Erie canal-upstate becoming more settled
- increase in population from immigration
- =mental dislocation & need for security
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2 Utopian societies
- Shakers
- -Ann Lee
- common property, sexes divided, celibacy, simple lifestyles
- Oneida Community
- -communal property and marriage
- women are not property
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Mormons
- John Smith
- -angel, golden plates
- 12 tribes from isreal came to US=holy land
- strong communal ethics and sense of religious certainty
- -society doesn't accept polygamy-chases them through states
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why did people join Mormons?
- self-help community
- help you up, you return favor
- American-3rd testament
- john smith was charasmatic
- virtual self-government
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why did people oppose Mormons?
- business competition
- -self sufficient and sold products
- john smith a prophet who receives messages all the time-inner light/equal
- polygamy
- fear of political power
- jealous of success
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Mormons trek to utah
- John smith arrested and murdered in Nauvoo
- Group travels to get away to be safe and search for Zion->Utah, salt lake city
- Thrive in isolation to now most powerful and successful utopia groups
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Religious Reforming
- Samuel Gridely Howe helped the blind
- Gallaudet helped the deaf
- Prisons now penitentiary-time to think and reflect
- This is different because predestination indicates if born defective god already hates you
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Temperance
- Men drinking too much, spending family $$, beating family, committing crimes
- Religious issue-Demon Rum causes you to be sinful
- Maine Law-1851 prohibition law
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Abolition
- Colonization movement to free slaves
- -sends them back to Africa or to Canada
- Garrison demands immediate emancipation bc its sinful and they should be treated equally
- *people think he's crazy and terrorize
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Black Abolitionists
- Gabriel, Vesey, Turner
- David Walker's Appeal (1829)
- Fredrick Douglas
- -escaped slave, speaker, inadvertently converts curious people, split from garrison bc felt like he was being used like a side show
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Family changes
- increased out of home employment-more urban societies bc of factories
- -labor divides sexes-men outside-women@ home=decrease in family size
- "Cult of True Womenhood" Domesticity
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Women's Rights
- Roots in abolition movement-issues similar
- Lucretia Mott
- quakers big on this issue=inner light
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London Anti-Slavery Convention
- didn't know what to do with American women representatives
- put them behind a curtain so they could listen but not participate
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Seneca Falls Convention
- Stanton, Mott, Douglas
- Declaration of Sentiments-mimics Declaration of Independence
- -property rights
- -right to vote
- -not to be treated as property
- Susan B Anthony joins afterwards
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Romanticism
- European Movement
- challenge to reason and rationalism
- nationalism, individualism, emotion, optimism
- you can improve individuals
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American Renaissance: Literature
- Hawthorne: The Scarlett Letter
- -grables with puritan past(dude who's thankful happened but not around)
- Melville: Moby Dick
- -art of writing & word choice
- Edgar Allen Poe: Mystery writer from Baltimore-Raven football team
- Whitman: leaves of grass
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Transcendentalism
- American version of romantic movement
- mostly happening in New England
- -mystical & intuitive-does not rely on reason only emotions
- to transcend the senses and reason
- highly individualistic bc conscience is the highest law(egotheism)-Emerson
- problem: if everyones right how to settle differences
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Transcendentalism 2 groups
- Self: try to improve self, internal awareness, can disobey law of land - Emerson "self reliance" Thoreau "Civil Disobedience"
- Ex: Rosa Parks
- =civil war
- Society: try to improve society, social reform
- ex: parker & fuller radicals, abolition & women's movement
- brown taking up arms to free slaves
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Brook Farm
- transcendentalists feel nature is best way to get in touch with self and thoughts=calming
- founded by Ripley
- didn't last long because of no rules
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changes on education
- Literary increased bc # of books & newspapers increase
- Lyceums movement: programs in Community Buildings to listen to speakers
- Horace Mann & common schools
- -push to Americanize immigrants
- -vocational preparation
- catholic schools develop to safe guard against public schools protestant ways
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Texas revisited pre-attack
- annexed under Tyler, he gets it approved as a joint resolution law, Mexicans protests, boundaries not agreed upon
- nueces v. rio grande
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Mexican war instigation
- Polk sends taylor to Nueces w/troops
- sends slidell on mission to offer $$ to Mexico
- Mexico declines, Polk tells Taylor to cross rio grande=invasion=attacked
- Polk says americans were attacked on American land, congress didn't know better=permission to go to war
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Mexican war
- unequal from beginning, disadvantaged mexico
- letters sent from troops tell truth, leaks to public, ? motives, diminishes support
- if Polk was true, a bit overkill
- Lincoln demands Spot resolution from POlk
- Mexican children fighting to protect capital
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Treaty of Guadalupe
- Nicholas Trist sent w/treaty
- was suppose to get total control, came back 1/3 of country and paid $30 million
- Polk about to fire him, but he sent copies to HOR and Senate members
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Post-war consequences
- Gold rush in Cali, 1849ers, need established government bc mostly wild young men
- since statehood is being requested and south slavery has to be addressed
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4 people and their take on slavery in new territories
- Wilmot proviso-ban in any territories we get from mexico
- Taylor-split into 2 territories
- Calhoun-everyone fought for it should be able to bring whatever we want
- Cass-leave it up to the states that form there to decide
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election of 1848
- Zachary taylor and lewis cass
- no one took position on slavery
- van buren runs as free soil party-against slavery
- results were half and half for both for both north and south
- Taylor ultimately wins Millford is VP
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Compromise of 1850
- Clay's last one
- Bills to settle slavery
- Taylor will only sign if all are present at once-then he dies after 15 months of presidency
- Millford will sign them individually
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provisions of compromise of 1850
- -cali free states
- -Utah and New Mexico territories subjected to popular sovereignty
- -Assume texas debt
- -Outlaw DC slave trade
- -Fugitive Slave Law: northerners have to turn in escaped slaves
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