Microbiology

Antibodies are also known as _____, abbreviated Ig.

The _____ ____ site is exposed when classes IgG or IgM antibodies are attached to their antigen; it is covered up when they are not attached to their antigen.

Interleukin 1 is a ______ that induces fever by signaling the hypothalamus.

______ 1 is a pyrogen that induces fever by signaling the hypothalamus.

During clonal expansion the T_c Lymphocytes, a lymphokine called MAF (Macrophage Activating Facor) makes macrophages "angry" (even more aggressive than usual), increasing their _____.

Any secondary exposure to an antigen results in high levels of antibodies in a few days instead of a few weeks because there is no ____ period needed to "process" the antigen.

T_c lymphocytes secrete perforin and _____ onto their target cell; perforin enables ____ to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes; the result is apoptosis of the target cell.

The bottom region of the heavy chains of classes IgD and IgE antibodies is called the ____ ____ site.

In an antibody molecule, the bottom 1/2 of each light chain and the bottom 3/4 of each heavy chain is the same for all antibodies in each class; these regions are called the _____ regions. The _____ regions are the same for all antibodies in each class.

Once a macrophage has processed an antigen, it secretes Interleukin _____ to attract T_H Lymphocytes. Also, MHC _____ is a self antigen located on the surface of all nucleated cells that matches the CD8 receptor on T_c Lymphocytes.

Specific immunity is not innate, but learned following "_____" with antigen, either by getting a disease or a vaccination.

T_c Lymphocytes secrete perforin and granzyme onto their target cell; perforin enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates _____ enzymes; the result is apoptosis o the target cell.

____ (such as polyethylene) are large, foreign molecules, that don't have antigenic determinants; Even though they are foreign, we don't react to them so they can be used to replace damaged calves and joints.

MAF stands for " Macrophage _____ Factor"; it is a lymphokine that makes macrophages "angry" increasing their phagocytosis.

To initiate both humoral and cellular immunity, a macrophage must ______ the antigen; it accomplishes this by phagocytizing the antigen and expelling the antigenic determinants on its surface along with its MHC I self antigens.

_____ (also known as immunological tolerance) refers to the ability to distinguish "self" from "non self".

To attract T_H Lymphocytes, Interleukin I is released by macrophages (which started out as monocytes); Thus, IL-1 is a cytokine called a _____.

The bottom region of the _____ chains of classes IgD and IgE antibodies is called the membrane anchoring site.

There are two ways to develop specific resistance against an organism; vaccination or actually having the _____.

When ____ ____ sites of classes IgG or IgM antibodies are not attached to their antigen, the complement activating sites are covered up.

The "DH" in T_DH Lymphocytes stands for the words _______ hypersensitivity; these "memory" cells are involved in reaction to poison ivy as well as rejection of transplanted cells.

MHC _____ is an antigen located on the surface of macrophages and B Lymphocytes that matches the CD4 receptors on T_H Lymphocytes. 

B Lymphocytes with class ____ antibodies on their surface are called "memory cells".

The "S" in T_s Lymphocytes stands for the word _____; these cells are responsible for the downgrade of the specific immune response once the antigen is gone.

The _____ on the heavy chains of the antibody molecule allow the "arms" to move up, thereby exposing the complement activating site.

During ____ immunity, Interleukin II (also called enhancing factor) attracts B Lymphocytes and T_s Lymphocytes and promotes their proliferation by clonal expansion.

Plasma cells have a huge amount of rough ER; this is important because antibodies are proteins, and _____ ('protein factories' of a cell) are located on rough ER.

"NK" stands for the words ____ ____; these leukocytes attack and destroy any antibody-coated cells (such as tumor cells, infected cells, or foreign cells) by having receptor sites to the constant region of IgG "labels"on these cells.

Interleukin II is a cytokine released by excited T_H Lymphocytes, so it is also called a ______.

During humor immunity, Interleukin ____ (also called enhancing factor) attracts B Lymphocytes and T_s Lymphocytes and promotes their proliferation by clonal expansion.

T Lymphocytes are made in the red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem cells, but they mature in the _____.

T_c Lymphocytes secrete perforin and ____ onto their target cell; perforin enables ____ to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes; the result is apoptosis of the target cell.

ALL T Lymphocytes have CD ____ receptors.

Class IgE antibodies are located on the surface of mast cells or basophils; they trigger ____ and histamine release if and when they encounter their antigen.

On an antibody molecule, the two ends composed of heavy and light chain tips are called the ____ _____ sites because these are where the antibody attaches to its antigen.

Associative recognition refers to the fact that in both humoral and cellular immunity, T_H Lymphocytes must interact with antigenic determinants together with MHC II antigens on the ____ surface (like a "double handshake").

____ Factor (CF) released by activated T_c lymphocytes signals more macrophages to come over.

Immunocompetence (also known as immunological _____) refers to the ability to distinguish "self" from "non self".

T lymphocytes are made in the red bone marrow form ____ stem cells, but they mature in the thymus.

____ immunity is associated with the tissues and is due to the production of "trained" armies of T Lymphocytes.

Antibody classes IgG, IgE, and IgD all have _____ antigen binding sites.

An antibody molecule contains two ____ polypeptide chains composed of approximately 220 amino acids each.

Antigens are also called _____, because they stimulate an immune response.

Venoms, drugs, plant extracts, albumin, exotoxins, and endotoxins are all examples of ______ antigens.

Class ____ antibodies are nicknamed our "secretory" antibodies because they are found in all body secretions, especially mucus.

T_H Lymphocytes have CD4 receptors on their surface and are often referred to as T _____ Lymphocytes.

Class ____ antibodies are composed of two antibody units joined by a J chain; they have four antigen binding sites; nicknamed "secretory antibodies" due to their presence in body secretions.

The bottom region of the ____ chains of classes IgD and IgE antibodies is called the membrane anchoring site.

Activated B Lymphocytes become _____ _____ with a huge amount of rough ER; this is important because antibodies are proteins, and ribosomes ('protein factories' of a cell) are located on rough ER.

Macrophages and T_H Lymphocytes have CD ____ receptors which match the gp120 spike of HIV.

During clonal expansion of the T_c Lymphocytes, a lymphokine malled MIF (Macrophage _____ Factor) keeps macrophages from leaving.

The "C" in T_C Lymphocytes stands for the word _______; once "trained", these cells secrete perforin and granzyme onto their target cell; pperforin enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzyme; the result is apoptosis of the target cell.

T_c Lymphocytes secrete _____ and granzyme onto their target cell; ____ enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes; the result is apoptosis of the target cell.

When circulating _____ leave the blood and enter the tissues, they become macrophage.

The ____ system is a functional system that recognizes foreign molecules and acts to immobilize, neutralize, and destroy them.

The _____ regions of a heavy and a light chain of a antibody molecule form an antigen binding site.

____ immunity is associated with the body fluids and is due to the production of soluble proteins called antibodies.

A protein strand called the ____ chain holds the five antibody units of a large IgM antibody or the two antibody units of an IgA together at their constant ends.

B Lymphocytes with class ____ antibodies on their surface are called "memory cells".

____ enzymes are nicknamed the "executioner" proteins of a cell; they are activated by granzyme.

The "H" in T_H Lymphocytes stands for the word _____; these cells are involved in developing both humoral and cellular immune responses.

Sensitized B Lymphocytes that do not mature into plasma cells remain as ____ _____ with class IgD antibodies on their surface.

The anamnestic response is proof of immunological _____ (the immune systems's recognition of a previously encountered antigen); re-exposure to an antigen results in high antibody levels in a few days instead of a few weeks.

Class ____ antibodies are the first class of antibodies made by plasma cells because they are so effective.

Acquired immunity is also known as ____ immunity because it is directed at one particular invader at a time.

Natural Killer cells have receptor sites to the _____ region of IgG "labels" on foreign cells.

____ are soluble proteins formed in humoral response to the presence of an antigen; they recognize it, bind to it, and cause its destruction.

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in humans is called _____ _____.

Antibody classes IgG, IgE, and _____ all have two antigen binding sites.

Class _____ antibodies are located on the surface of mast cells or basophils; they trigger degranulation and histamine release if and when they encounter their antigen.

Cellular immunity is associated with the tissues and is due to the production of T-_____ lymphocytes that are "trained" to react with foreign invaders.

Antibodies are composed of amino acids, so they are ____ molecules.

_____ immunity is not innate, but learned following 'experience' with the antigen by way of disease or vaccination.

___ _____ are also called epitopes; they are chemical groupings that stick out from a molecule and that make it foreign and antigenic; they are the site of recognition as well as the location of Ag/Ab reactions.

T Lymphocytes secrete cytokines called ____ to communicate with themselves or other cells.

Class ____ antibodies are second class of antibodies made by plasma cells, following IgM production.

An activated T Lymphocyte undergoes repeated cell divisions to produce a ____ of 'competent' cells.

Class ____ antibodies are the largest in size, with five connected antibody units providing ten antigen binding sites.

_____ (also called Immunogens) are substances capable of generating an immune response (either humoral and/or cellular).

Interleukin-I, Interleukin-II, MAF,MIF,CF,TF, and suppressor factor are all _____; chemical signals that cells use to communicate with other cells.

The polypeptide wrapped around the middle of class IgA antibodies that helps them get to the surface of a mucous membrane and protects them from enzyme action is called the _____ ____.

A ____ shot given periodically following immunization functions in much the same way as re-exposure to a precious disease organism does, by boosting antibody levels.

Antigenic determinants are also called _____; they are chemical groupings that stick out from a molecule and that make it foreign and antigenic; they are the site of recognition as well as the location of Ag/Ab reactions.

Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of ____; when released, it initiates inflammation.

A ___ is any chemical released by a cell to communicate with other cells.

Class ____ antibodies are small enough to leave the blood through the slits in the wall of a capillary and enter the tissues or cross the placenta.

The basic antibody molecule contains two ____ polypeptide chains composed of approximately 440 amino acids each.

T_c Lymphocytes have CD3 and CD ___ receptors on their surface.

A _____ is a foreign molecule like penicillin that is too small to be a complete antigen by itself; it can only become antigenic when attached to a carrier molecule of the body. However, once immunity develops, the presence of the ____ alone can trigger the immune response.

_____ factor downgrades the humoral immune response in two ways; it stops any more IL-II release from T_H Lymphocytes and it stops any  more B Lymphocytes from developing into plasma cells.

Class IgE antibodies are nicknamed our "____" antibodies because they are responsible for hay fever, food allergies, and hives.

A ____ is a cytokine released by monocytes including macrophages.

The ____ is the first cell involved in both humoral and cellular immunity by processing the antigen.

B Lymphocytes are cells that originate in the ____ ____ ___, and then mature there or in Peyer's patches (GALT) of the intestinal wall.

A T_H Lymphocyte with a pre made ____ that matches the antigen being presented by a macrophage becomes 'excited.'

A hapten is a foreign molecule like the antibiotic _____ that is too small to be a complete antigen by itself; it can only become antigenic when attached to a carrier molecule of the body. However, once immunity develops, the presence of the happen alone can trigger the immune response.

Class ____ antibodies are the most abundant and the smallest in size; they can cross the placenta during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy and confer to the newborn "short-term" immunity of any diseases the mother has ever had.

Activated T_H lymphocytes secrete _____ factor; this in turn causes B lymphocytes, T_S and T_C  Lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion by dividing many times in quick succession to produce clones of competent cells that recognize the antigen.

_____ immunity is associated with the tissues and is due to the production of T_c Lymphocytes that are "trained" to react with foreign invaders.

Pollen, spores, dust, pieces of cells, and viruses are all examples of ____ antigen.