Flashcards-Statistics.txt

• "1. Nominal Scale [Mode]- Simply name variable in to discreet categories and count
• 2. Ordinal Level [Median] - reflects magnitudes; you can rank variables; LIKERT Scales used for ranking
• 3. Interval Scale [Median] - reflects magnitudes; equal intervals with arbitrary zero point
• 4. Ratio Scale [Median] - reflects magnitude; equal intervals with absolute zero point"

Refers to the x-axis or the values of the variable

Complete absence of the variable of interest

• "Measures of Central Tendency;
• can be the mean, the median, and the mode;
• is the one value that best represents an entire group of scores"

• "Nominal Level/Scale
• Mode"

• 3. Interval Scale [Median] - reflects magnitudes; equal intervals with arbitrary zero point
• 4. Ratio Scale [Median] - reflects magnitude; equal intervals with absolute zero point

Data set or just data

• are used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data
• Samples or populations

Reflects a difference between groups and the direction of the difference is specified

A set of mathematical operators that performs a particular mathematical task

x bar equals x divided by N (the total count of items)

• r equals the highest score minus the lowest score in the distribution
• r = h - l

A predefined formula

• Cardinal level Scales of Measurement
• Interval Scale (median)
• Ratio Scale (median)

Educated Guess

• Used to make inferences from a smaller group of data to a possibly larger one
• logic & procedures for evaluating risks of inference based on samples of the population

Same as Scales of Measurement

• Mean absolute Deviation
• the average of the absolute value of the deviations from the mean

• The sum of all the values in a group divided by the number ofvalues in that group
• Is sensitive to extreme scores
• Is skewed in the dierction of the extreme score and therefore you would use the median

The process of assigning a value or a score to the variable of interest

• the Average
• a single summary value reflecting where the bulk of the data cluster [mode, median, mean]

• The Midpoint
• the point which one half, or 50%, of the scores fall above and one half, or 50%, fall below

The value that occurs most frequently

statements of equality demonstrated by the following real-life null hypotheses taken from a variety of popular social and behavioral science journals.

(reflecting a directional hypothesis) posits a difference in a particular direction, such as when we hypothesize that Group 1 will score higher than Group 2

Refers to the y-axis or the frequency

a measurable characteristic of a population; typically it is the mean

Nominal Scale/Level (Mode)

the larger group of data that the sample is taken from; a complete set of measurements having some common observable characteristics

• Magnitude of variable
• Equal intervals
• 1. Arbitrary Zero Point
• 2. Absolute (True) Zero Point

a collection of cells

a definite statement that there is a relationship between variables

the smaller group of data that is a portion, or a subset, of a population; a subset of the population

a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population

represents the average amount of variability in a set of scores

describes a set of tools and techniques used for describing, organizing, and interpreting information or data; a measurable characteristic of a sample

find the sum of what follows

means "is not equal to"

Square root sign,

population or total number of cases ; noun

means "is greater than"

represents the symbol for the first research hypotheses

sample size, noun

standard deviation

each individual score

the mean of all the scores

Symmetry/Bell Shaped Curve = Reasonably Symmetrical

• - Negative skew - mean is to the left of the median
• - Positive skew - mean is to the right of the median

(reflecting a nondirectional hypothesis) posits a difference but in no particular direction.

a characteristic of interest that can assume different values

are used for areas of interest