social psych exam 2

others might think you were responsible for victims suffering

don't want to look stupid in front of others

interpret as non-emergency

• when ALONE: 
• respond in 2 mins: 50%
• respond in 6 mins: 75%

• when 3 people filling out in same room:
• respond in 2 mins: 12%
• respond in 6 mins: 38%

• attacked on street for 45 mins, 38 witnesses saw or heard & did not intervene
• (911 created after this)

the greater number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help (seizure studies)

• inhibition of pain distress and negative affect
• possibly regulates ACC
• may improve pain symptoms

• - conflict monitoring; neural "alarm system" (something's wrong!)
• - activated when experiencing physical pain

• to be rejected, ignored or excluded
• type of "normative" social influence ("outkast")

• consequences:
• increased anxiety//depression
• withdrawal from social connection
• negative attention (violence/suicide)

when the presence of others energizes us

when the presence of others relaxes us; relax in the presence of others when their individual performance cannot be evaluated

3+ people who interact with each other and goals/needs influence each other

• NEED TO BELONG: sense of where we're meant to be
• TO BE DISTINCTIVE: they separate us from others
• IDENTIFY: gives us uniqueness

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave

getting lost in a crowd

• loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified
• less accountability
• obedience to group norms

• encouragement of suicide attempt
• greater crowd size and darkness increase suicide baiting

dehumanization

• 1) make person aware of conflict between attitudes and behavior
• 2) hypocrisy creates dissonance
• 3) reduce dissonance by changing behavior

we can shape positive behavior by creating cognitive dissonance by making people aware of their own hypocrisy

people around us facilitate our dominant response on a task when our individual performance can be evaluated

• frequently customer agrees to make purchase at inflated price
• temporary permanence already increased attractiveness of chosen option

if something (situation/group) is ambiguous we may increase our liking for that object because we have worked hard to attain it

stating an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude

people will change their attitude to match their behavior provided they did not have a compelling reason for behavior as they did

a long lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification

• people adhere inconsistency among and between their cognitions (knowledge we have about the environment and ourselves including knowledge about our attitudes, behaviors & feelings)
• inconsistency produces dissonance (negative) (needs to be reduced)

a reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual

• when external justification is not met, we engage in internal justification to reduce dissonance
• we change our own attitudes or behaviors

people want valid information about themselves

people want to get better

people want to feel good about themselves

• a desire to be known
• we desire to receive evaluations from others that are consistent with ones existing self views

• people are motivated to protect the perceived integrity and worth to self
• if theres a threat to self worth we tend to affirm other aspects of ourselves to compensate for the blow (flexible self system)

if there is a threat to our self worth, we tend to affirm other aspects of ourselves to compensate for the blow

• time: past, current, future
• self-regulation: ideal, feared, ought to, ought not to
• has multiple domains (musician, athlete)

ideal, feared, ought to, ought to not

one is usually more resilient (emotional stability, self evaluation stability) especially in the face of failure

• knowledge about ourselves is linked with knowledge about significant others way we think about ourselves 
• tends to be seen in everyone

• defining oneself in terms of one's relationship to other people
• tends to be seen: east asian, african

• others=close relationships
• seen in: women

• others = larger groups
• seen in: men

• defining ones self in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions
• seen in: america, australia

• focus on how various factors are inter-related; more sensitive to context
• tolerance for contradiction and change
• seen in: east asian

• more linear, focus on objects independent from the context, less comfortable with contradiction and ambivalence
• cultures: american, western

• the result of the selfs' evaluations of the self-concept
• evaluations can be positive or negative, neutral, ambiguous, and ambivalent

• state: how you feel about yourself right now
• trait: how you feel about yourself generally

• if someone out performs us, how do we maintain positive self evaluation?
• if domain is RELEVANT to one's self-definition this is threatening so we: distance ourselves, devalue the performance domain
• if domain is IRRELEVANT we bask in reflected glory (BIRG)

if domain is irrelevant

• people engage in social comparison when:
• there is no objective standard to measure against
• when they experience some uncertainty about themselves in a particular area
• we compare to similar others

people who are better than us in a certain domain

people who are worse than us in a certain domain

who was i in the past?

who am i now?

• who will i be in the future
• can help with goal setting

a way of defining one self in terms of ones own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions not in terms of the thoughts, feelings and actions of others

way of defining yourself in terms of one's relationship to other people; recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts feelings and actions of others

• after deciding between two similar alternatives, we experience cognitive dissonance. to reduce dissonance we 
• enhance attractiveness of chosen one
• devalue rejected one

who am i afraid of being

who do i want to be

thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless