-
What is conception/fertilization?
the genetic material of a sperm and egg (ovum) unite to form a zygote (created 46 chromosome)
-
What is an ovum?
sperm and egg
-
What is a zygote?
46 chromosomes
-
What is infertility?
the inability to conceive with one year of effort
-
What is Artificial insemination?
injecting sperm, either from a woman’s partner from a donor, into her uterus
-
What is in vitro fertilization?
several eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory dish before being returned to a woman’s uterus in hopes that one egg will implant on the wall of the uterus
-
What are the 3 periods of the prenatal stage?(Part of 1st essay)
- 1. Germinal Period
- 2. Embryonic Period
- 3. Fetal Period
-
What happens in the Germinal period?(Part of 1st essay)
- 1.Mitosis
- 2.Blastocyst
- 3. Miscarriage
-
What is blastocyst (implantation)? (Part of 1st essay)
- A hollow ball of about 150 cells that is the size of a pin
- Egg attaches to the lining of the uterus
- Starts around the sixth day and ends the 14th day
-
What is a miscarriage? (Part of first essay)
- A short lived pregnancy
- Spontaneous Abortion
-
How long is the Germinal Period? (Part of 1st essay)
First two weeks of pregnancy
-
How long is the Embryonic stage? (Part of 1st essay)
3-8 weeks (most critical time in pregnancy)
-
What happens in the Embryonic Stage?
- 1. Organogenesis
- 2. Amnion
- 3.Placenta/Chorion
- 4. Cells of Blastocyst
- 5. Brain, heart all other body parts formed
-
What is organogenesis?
Every major organ takes shape, in at least a primitive form
-
What is amnion?
- The outer layer of the blastocyst
- A watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo
-
What is the chorion?
- A membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches root-like extensions called villi to the uterine liking to gather nourishment for the embryo
- Eventually becomes the lining of the placenta
-
What is the placenta?
- A tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord
- Embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother
-
What is the placental barrier?
- A membrane that allows small molecules to pass through, but it prevents the large blood cells of embryo and mother from mingling
- Protects the child from harmful substances
-
What is the ectoderm? (Part of 1st essay)
Cells from the blastocyst that will eventually evolve into tissue for the central nervous system
-
What is the mesoderm? (Part of 1st essay)
Cells from the blastocyst that will eventually evolve into tissue for the muscle tissue, cartilage, bone, heart
-
What is the endoderm? (Part of the 1st essay)
Cells from the blastocyst that will eventually evolve into tissue for the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and bladder
-
What is spina bifida? (Part of the 1st essay)
- This could happen during the embryonic stage when the neural tube fails to fully closed
- When part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective coverage of the spinal cord
-
What is anencphaly?
- Can happen during the embryonic stage when the top of the neural tube fails to close
- A lethal defect in which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem fails to develop
-
What is the role of testosterone in this stage? (Part of the 1st essay)
- The primary male sex hormone that stimulates the development of a male internal reproductive system
- If absent of this hormone the embryo develops internal reproductive system of a female
-
How long is the fetal period? (Part of the 1st essay)
9-40 weeks
-
What happens in the fetal period? (Part of the 1st essay)
- Proliferation
- Migration
- Differentiation
- Changes in each trimester
- Age of viability
-
What is proliferation?(Part of the 1st essay)
An intense period of cell growth originating from stem cells undergoing rapid cell division
-
What is migration?(Part of the 1st essay)
Cells move or travel to their intended location in the nervous system. Chemical signals may serve as a neural GPS to guide them
-
What is differentiate? (Part of the 1st essay)
- Cells change or transform into a particular type based on where they land following their migration
- Begin to communicate with surrounding neurons
-
What is the age of viability? (Part of the First essay)
23 weeks only 25% can survive, when survival outside the uterus is possible, if all of the major areas such as heart and brain are functioning correctly
-
What are teratogens? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- Any disease, drug or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
- Coins monster behaviors, can create a very disordered human being physical or internal (can affect any stage but mostly in the embryonic and fetal stage)
-
What are the 3 types of teratogens? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- 1. Drugs
- 2. Diseases
- 3. Environmental agents
-
How does the teratogen effect during the critical period? (Part of the second essay)
The effects of a teratogenic agent are worst during the critical period when an organ system grows more rapidly
-
What does dosage and duration have an effect with teratogens? (Part of the 2nd essay)
The greater the level of exposure and the longer the exposure to a teratogen, the more likely it is that serious damage will occur
-
What is the effect of the genetic makeup have on the teratogens?
- susceptibility to harm is influenced by the unborn child's and the mother's makeup.
- Some fetuses are more (or less) resistant to teratogens
-
What are some drugs? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- Medication
- Thalidomide
- Tobacco
- SIDS
- Alcohol
- Cocaine
-
What is thalidomide? (Part of 2nd essay)
Can effect facial features and the limbs
-
What is fetal alcohol syndrome? (Part of 2nd essay)?
people are smaller, distinct facial features, intellectually disabled, infects migration of the neurons (Severe)
-
What is fetal alcohol effects? (Part of the 2nd essay)?
Might have some of the features in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (less severe)
-
The 4 affects of cocaine? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- Withdrawl
- Spontaneous abortion
- Low birth rate
- cognitive issues
-
The 3 affects of Marijuana? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- 1. Low birth rate
- 2. Respiratory issues
- 3. Emotional issues
-
What is SIDS? (Part of the 2nd essay)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
-
What are 4 diseases? (Part of the 2nd essay)
- Rubella
- Diabetes
- AIDS
- Syphillis
-
What is Rubella? (Part of the 2nd essay)
German measles
-
What are the ways AIDS can be passed down? (Part of the second essay)
- Prenatally- passing through the placenta
- Medication given to prevent the baby from getting Aids
- Perinatal- Anytime surrounding when the baby is coming out
- Postnatal- Breast feeding
-
What does Syphilis cause? (Part of 2nd essay)
Still birth
-
What are some environmental agents? (Part of essay 2)
-
What is the prenatal environment?
the environment surrounding birth
-
What is a perinatologist?
- a fetal specialist
- Recommended for high-risk pregnancies associated with delivery complications
-
What is a midwife?
view pregnancy and delivery as natural life events
-
What is a doula?
An individual trained to provide continuous physical and emotional support throughout the child birth process
-
What is anoxia?
- oxygen shortage
- tangled umbilici cord
- Baby being born feet first
-
What is cerebral palsy?
A neurological disability primarily associated with difficulty controlling muscle movements
-
What is Cesarean Section?
a surgical procedure in which an incision is made int he mother's abdomen and uterus so that the baby can be removed
-
What is postpartum depression?
an episode of clinical depression lasting 2 or more weeks
-
What is oxytocin?
A hormone released by the pituitary gland that can initiate and speed up contractions
-
What is couvade? (Father's experience with pregnancy)
when the males experience some of the same symptoms as the pregnant wife
-
What is neonatal environment?
the events of the first month and how parents might optimize the development of young infants
-
What is surfactant?
a substance that prevents the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together and therefore aids breathing
-
What is kangaroo care?
resting on a parents chest helps maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood
-
What is resilience?
their ability to rebound from early disadvantages and to respond to environment influences throughout their lives rather than only during so called critical periods
-
What is ciliac disease?
an inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation and damages small intestines
-
What is catch up growth?
after a period of malnutrition or illness reflects the body’s struggle to get back real quick to where it is supposed to be
-
What is endocrine glands?
A hormonal system of glands, secrete different hormones and they secrete those hormones into the bloodstream
-
What is pituitary glands?
- master of the endocrine
- triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands
- located in the brain
-
What is thyroid gland?
has a role in physical growth and metabolism
-
What are the gonads?
testes, and ovaries
-
What happens to testosterone and estrogen over time?
declines over time
-
What are the roles of the ardenal glands?
play a supportive role in the development of muscle and bones, contribute to sexual motivation
-
what does the Nervous system deals with?
The brain and spinal cord
-
What does the peripheral system deal with?
Peripheral system deals with muscle coordination
-
What is the synapse?
the axon of one neuron makes a connection with another neuron at a tiny gap
-
What is myelination?
neurons becoming encased in this protective substance that speeds transmission
-
-
What is mylein sheath?
- fatty sheath
- acts like an insulation to speed the transmission of neural implants
-
What are the 3 principals of growth?
- 1. Cephalocaudal
- 2. Proximodistal
- 3. Orthogenetic
-
What is Orthogenetic Principal?
Means the growth is Global or undifferentiated to differentiate
-
What is Cephalocaudal principal?
- Growth from the head to the feet
- Motor skills are developed at this stage
- Can sit before standing
-
What is Proximodistal principal?
Growth from the inside out or center outward
-
When is the critical or sensitive period for brain development?
during the late prenatal period and early infancy
-
What is a reflex?
an unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus
-
What are 4 survival reflexes?
- Sucking- to get breast milk, to take in nutrients
- Rooting- stroking a baby’s cheek and turn toward the side of where the cheek was stroked
- Breathing- Provides oxygen, expels carbon dioxide
- Eye blink- protects against bright light, adapts visual system to low illumination
-
What are 6 primitive reflexes?
- Babinski- fanning then curling toes when bottom of foot is stroked
- Grasping- curling fingers around objects (such as a finger) that touch the baby’s palm
- Moro- loud noise or sudden change in position of baby’s head will cause baby to throw arms outward, arch back, then bring arms toward each other
- Swimming- infant immersed in water will display active movements of arms and legs will involuntary hold breath
- Tonic neck- heads turned to the side and their arm extends out (fencing pose)
- Stepping- Infants held upright so their feet touch a flat surface will step as if to walk
-
What are the differences of primitive and survival reflexes?
Primitive reflexes disappear overtime when survival reflexes are permanent
-
What is body mass index?
a marker of body fat calculated from a person's height and weight
-
what is Precocious puberty?
early puberty
-
What is menarche?
first period can have no ovulation
-
what is semenarche?
first ejaculation
-
Disadvantages for early puberty in boys?
- Risk taking behaviors
- Not fitting in
- Hanging out with older crowd
-
advantages for early puberty in boys?
- Excelling in sports
- Confidence
-
what is secular trend?
the historical trend in industrialized societies toward early maturation and greater body size
-
What is menopause/ male andorpause?
less testosterone
-
What can disease keep you from doing?
exercise
-
what is osteroporosis?
a disease in which a serious loss of minerals leaves the bone fragile and easily fractured
-
what is osteoarthritis?
results from gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the bones from rubbing against one another
-
what is intelligence?
the ability to learn from one's experiences acquire knowledge and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems
-
What is the 2 factor theory by Spearman?
-
What is the g factor?
- General problem solving
- Ability to solve problems
- Very quick thinking (automatic thinking-automatid)
-
What is the s factor?
deals with specific things
-
what is the psychometric approach?
intelligence is a trait or a set of traits that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others
-
What is fluid intelligence? (Horn)
- the ability to use your mind actively to solve novel problems like, solve verbal analogies
- Ability to use your mind
- How well does your mind function
- Cannot be taught, either have it or you don’t
-
What is crystalized intelligence? (cattle)
- the use of knowledge acquired through schooling and other life experieneces
- Ability to regain, retain and put it to use
- ex. Learning mathmatical principals
- Being able to use it at any given time
- What you learn in school
-
intelligence scale ranking
- intellectually disabled- 70
- Gifted-110
- Genius- 140
-
what is mental age?
The level of age-graded problems that the child is able to solve
-
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence (9)?
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Logical
- Visual
- bodily kinisthetic
- Naturalistic
- Existentialism
-
What is linguistic?
- Can you put words together
- ?Are you a great speaker?
- Author, poet
-
What is musical?
- Play by ear, highly attitude to sound
- Show exceptional ability
-
What is logical?
- Abstract thinking
- General Problem solving
- ex. scientists, engineers, architect
-
What is visual?
- ex. Artists, pilots, navigators, astronauts
- Being able to see things and how they fit together and be able to transform them
-
What is bodily kinesthetic?
- Being able to use your body, transform it into something amazing
- Precise and accurate
- To build and construct
- Ex. acrobats, athletes, dancers
-
What is interpersonal?
- People who have great social skills
- Can read people and get the best from people
- ex. psychologist, counselors
-
What is intrapersonal?
knowing yourself well
-
what is Naturalistic?
- Focus on nature
- ex. Jane goodall, Steve Irwin, gardener
-
What is Existentialism?
- Getting the bigger picture
- Knowing the meaning of life
- Wisdom
- knowing the reality of human existence
- ex. philosophers
-
What is Sternberg Triarchic?
- Practical
- Analytical
- Creative
-
What is practical?
- ability to adapt to environment
- street smarts
-
what is analytic?
book smarts
-
What is creative?
- What is intelligent when you first begin a task can change after you have an experience with it again
- How you respond to something new
-
what is successful intelligence?
- people are intelligent to the extent that they have the abilities to succeed in life
- adapt to the environment through a combination of selecting a good environment
-
What is creativity?
the ability to produce novel (different, unique) responses that are appropriate in context and valued by others
-
two types of creative thinking?
convert and divergent
-
what is convergent thinking?
- Always leads to one direct answer
- Converges on the one best answer
-
what is divergent thinking?
many different answers
-
what are the three different dimensions of creative thinking?
- originality/uniqueness
- flexibility
- number of ideas
-
what is flexiblity?
- How flexible are your responses
- How many categories
-
What is the motor scale for the bayley scales?
infants ability to grab things
-
what is the mental scale for the baley scales?
reaching, searching for hidden toys
-
what is the behavior scale in the bayley scales?
emotional regulation and social responsibility
-
what is dq?
summarizes how well or poorly infants perform compared to others
|
|