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Three Superkingdoms (Domains)
- Archaebacteria (Archea
- Eubacteria
- Eukaryotes
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Four Kingdoms of Eukaryotes
- Fungi
- Protists
- Animals
- Plants
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Archaea
- Traits in common with both eubacteria and eukaryotes
- Unique traits
- Prokaryotes
- Cell Wall
- Extremeophiles
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Eubacteria
- Prokaryotes
- Diverse
- Cell Wall
- Autotrophs, parasites, decomposers, mutualists
- Wide range of environments
- Commercially important
- Nucleus containing DNA
- Membrane-bound organelles
- Cells larger
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Plant Characteristics
- Multicellular
- Cell Wall
- Photosynthetic
- Terrestrial
- Evolved onto land from green algae
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Types of Plants
- Bryophytes - mosses
- Nonseed vascular plants - ferns
- Seed plants
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Angiosperms
flowering plants
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More Plant Characteristics
- Cuticle
- Stomata
- Vascular TIssue
- Dominant Stage in life cycle (Gametophyte or Sporophyte)
- Motile Sperm
- Pollen
- Seeds
- Flowers and Fruit
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Cuticle
- Waxy outer coating of a plant
- Prevents water loss
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Stomata
- Controlled openings
- Gas exchange
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Vascular Tissue
- Internal Conducting Tissue
- Xylem: water from root to shoot
- Phloem: sugars from shoot to root
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Sporophyte
- Diploid
- E.g. Ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
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Pollen
- Male gametophyte
- Contains sperm
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Seeds
Protect and nourish embryo
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Flowers and Fruit
Increase Fertilization and embryo dispersal
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Animals
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Motile
- Sponges - Porifera
- Invertebrates
- Vertebrates
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Vertebrate Characteristics
- Gait
- Reproduction
- Amnion
- Placenta
- Skull Types
- Temperature Regulation
- Body Covering
- Excretion
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Gait
- Sprawling - legs to side
- Erect - legs under body
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Amnion
membrane around embryo
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Placenta
attachment cord for vertebrate embryos
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Skull Types
- Anapsid - no holes
- Synapsid - one hole
- Diapsid - two holes
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Temperature Regulation
- Ecotherm - environmental heat
- Endotherm - internal heat
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Invertebrate Characteristics
- Symmetry
- Cephalization
- Coelom
- Segmentation
- Locomotion appendages
- Locomotion
- Skeleton (rigid or hydrostatic)
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Symmetry in Invertebrates
- Radial - cut in any plane, mirror images
- Bilateral - only one plane, mirror images
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Cephalization
Concentration of brain and sensory structure at one end
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Coelom
- Body cavity in addition to gut
- Hydrostatic skeleton
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Segmentation
- Developmental replication of animal into segments
- Allows for precise movement and specialization
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Hydrostatic
- Skeleton type found in invertebrates that is essentially a bag of water
- Muscle pressure changes shape
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Exoskeleton Characteristics
- More protective, covering muscles and other soft tissues
- Produces better leverages for the pull of muscles
- As animal's size increases, becomes impractically heavy
- Does not grow once formed; must be molted
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Endoskeleton Characteristics
- Less protective, usually being under the muscles and soft tissues
- Leverage is worse
- Can support great size and weight without becoming itself too heavy
- Grows fairly smoothly and evenly, no molting
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Fungi
- Uni- to "multicellular"
- Heterotrophic
- Filamentous
- Haploid phase dominant (may be dikaryotic)
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Dikaryotic
- 2 nuclei per cell = N + N
- Results from cells fusing but nuclei remaining separate
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Types of Fungi
- Zygomycetes - bread molds
- Ascomycetes - cup fungi, yeasts
- Basidomycetes - mushrooms
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Septa
- crosswalls dividing cells in a hypha
- Septate or Nonseptate
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Fruiting body in a Fungi
- reproductive structure
- E.g. mushroom
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Sporangium
Capsule in Fungi (and plants) in which spores are produced (by mitosis or meiosis)
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Spore
Generally single-celled, asexual (mitosis) or sexual (meiosis)
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Fungal Symbioses
- Lichen - fungus and an alga
- Mycorrhizae - fungus and a plant (on roots_
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Protista
- Extremely diverse
- Uni- to multicellular
- Can have a cell wall, some don't
- Can be Autotrophic or heterotrophic
- E.g. Protozoans, Algae
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Protistan Products
- Sushi
- Food Thickeners
- Diatomaceous earth
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