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Hbottorff
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This is the fat digesting enzyme
pancreatic lipase
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this is the carbohydrate digesting enzyme
pancreatic amylase
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these are the protein splitting enzymes (3)
trypsin, chemptrypsin and carboxypeptidase
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this is where the proteolytic enzymes are stored in tiny structures
zymogen granules
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enzymes that break down nucleic acid into nucleotides
nucleases
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this peptide hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete abundant fluid when acidic chyme enters the duodenum
secretin
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protiens and fats in chyme in the duodenum stimulate release of
CCK
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what sphincter controls what leaves the stomach
pyloric sphinter
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what sphincter controls what enters the stomach
esophageal sphincter
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what are the three stages of gastric secretion?
- cephalic
- gastric
- intestinal
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what are the three secretory cells found in the stomach?
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what do parietal cells secrete
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what does HCL activate
pepsinogen to pepsin
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what does pepsin do?
breaks down protiens
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what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
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what do mocous cells secrete
mocus
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what is the alkaline tide?
this is where H ions are brought into the stomach and bicarbonate is put into the bloodstream and the Cl is put into the stomach to combine with the hydrogen ions
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list two digestive reflexes
- emetic (vomiting)
- enterogastric
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what three areas is the intestine divided into?
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this is the movement of food quickly through the system
peristaltic rush
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what are the three triggers of the cephalic stage
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what hormone inhibits the digestive process
somatostatin
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what hormone activates the digestive process
gastrin
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what cells does gastrin stimulate
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- mucus cells
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what system of the ANS allows for digestion
PNS
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list the triggers of the gastric phase
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what three chemicals are released by stomach cells in response to the ttriggers of the gastric phase
- HCL (also intrinsic factor)
- pepsinogen
- mucus
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what type of food moves quickest and slowest throught the stomach
- fats and carbs are quick
- protiens are slow
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what is the main digestive function of the liver
create bile
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what function does bile perform
emulsifies fats
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what is the function of the gall bladder
store bile
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what are the three tonsils
- lingual
- palatine
- pharyngeal
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what are the four types of teeth
- incisors
- cuspids
- bicuspids
- molars
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what is the purpose of salivary glands
- moisten food
- begins break down of carbs
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name the three salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
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what are the two functions of the digestive system 5
- ingestion
- propulsion
- absorption
- defacation
- digestion
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what are the two types of digestion
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The action of actually grinding food to then be digested is called
Mechanical Digestion
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The process of breaking down foods at the molecular level is called
Chemical Digestion
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive system
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
- Pancreas
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What are the layers of the alimentary Canal
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- muscularis
- Serosa
- Lumen
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What is ingestion
Taking in nutrients through food with actually "Eating"
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The excretion of wastes is
Defecation
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Taking in nutrients especially in the small intestine is
Absorption
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What are the 8 main parts of the alimentary Canal
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
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what is mixing movements
segmentation
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what is propelling movements
peristalis
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The movement of food through the digestive system is
propulsion
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The break down of food in the digestive system is
Digestion
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what is the purpose of peristalsis
To mix food with the bile and other digestive enzymes
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what is the purpose of segmentation
To move food through the system to continue the nutrient absorption and then for defecation
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what branch of the ANS stimulates digestion
PNS
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what branch of the digestive system inhibits digestion
SNS
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What are the two plexus involved in controlling the digestive process
- Submucosal plexus
- myenteric plexus
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What are the two main fucntions of the large intestine
- absorbs water and electrolytes
- forms and stores feces
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what is the main digestive function of the stomach
- digest protiens
- mix with gastric juices
- move food into the small intestine.
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a mix of food and gastric juice is called
chyme
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what is a specialized structure of the stomach that it allows it to function
The stomach contains gastric pits that secrete and form gastric juices
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the mucos membrane of the stomach is lined with these functional parts of the stomach
gastric pits
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The folds with in the stomach are called
rugae
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what are the major enzymes found in the pancreas
- pancreatic amylase
- pancreatic lipase
- nucleases
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
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this is the carbohydrate digesting enzyme of the panc
pancreatic amylase
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this is the fat digesting enzyme of the panc
pancreatic lipase
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What are the three main proteolytic enzymes
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
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what does trypsin,chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase do?
break down protiens
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what is the function of zymogen granules?
stores the proteolytic enzymes
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what activates tripsinogen into tripson
enterokinase
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trypsinogen when in active form of tripsin activates what
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
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this breaks down nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides
nucleases
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what is the function of enterokinase
activate tripsinogen into tripsin
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what two hormones control pancreatic secretions
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what is the path of the pancreatic juice
acinar cells which are made into a acini down into the pancreatic duct into the hepatopancreatic ampulla through the sphincter and into the duodenum
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what is the main function of the small intestine
- recieve secretions from pancreas and liver
- completes nutrient absorption,
- transports remaining residue to large intestine
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how is the mucosa of the SI specialized to support its functions
contains vili and micro vili that absorb nutrients of the products of digestion
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this supports the nerves, blood, and lymphatic tissues of the intestinal wall
the mesentary
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list the 5 major enzymes found in the small intestine
- pepidases
- sucrases
- maltases
- lactases
- intestinal lipase
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what does the vili of the SI do
- increases surface area
- aids in absorption
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what do the lacteals of the vili do
carries away the nutrients through a lymph vessel
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circular folds in the SI are called
plicae circularis
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in what structure are the chief cells, parietal cells, and mucus cells located?
They are found in the gastric pits of the mucosa
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during the gastric stage what is the effect of the substances released because of the trigger? and what substances are released?
- Gastrin-increases release of gastric juices
- Histamine - increases release of gastric juices and helps promote more capilary permeability later on
- ATCH-suppresses release of somatostatin
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what are the triggers of the intestinal phase?
- stretch of the duodenum
- protien
- lipids
- acidic pH
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what is the trigger of the intestinal phase 1
stretch of the duodenum
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which hormone is released due to the trigger of protiens and lipids
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what is the result of the release of CCK
- BIle release
- release of pancreatic juice
- release of Bicarbonates
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which hormone is released due to the trigger of acidic pH
Secretin
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what is the result of the release of secretin
release of bicarbonates of the pancreas
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if chyme that is entering the intestine is fatty what will be released
CCK to further inhibit peristalis
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what is the enterogastric reflex
peristalis slows and the intestine fills slowly
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what do kupffer cells do
removes most bacteria from blood by phagotosis
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what is the livers role in digestion
to secrete bile
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the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles. It is accomplished mainly by bile acids in the small intestine.
emulsification
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what is the fuction of the gall bladder
store and release bile
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what are all the fuctions of the liver7
- carb metabolism
- lipid metab
- protien metab
- glycogen and vitamn storage
- blood filter
- detox
- secrete bile
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these help protect the body against infections
tonsils
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list the three tonsils
- lingual tonsil
- palatine
- pharyngeal
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where is the lingual tonsil found
back of tongue
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where is the palatine tonsil found
back of the mouth on either side of tongue
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where is the pharyngeal tonsil found
posterior wall of the pharynx
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what is another word for the pharyngeal tonsil
adenoid
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what are the four types of teeth
- incisors
- cuspids
- bicuspids
- molars
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where are the incisors
front teeth for biting off things
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where are the cuspids
aka canines used for grasping and tearing
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where are the bicuspids
aka premolars used for grinding
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where are the molars
the back teeth used for grinding
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how many teeth are in the secondary
32
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where is the parotid gland
front of ears
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where is the submandibular gland
bottom of jaw
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where is the sublingual gland
under tongue
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list the two secretory glands of the salivary
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what do serous cells of the salivary glands produce
- salivary amylase
- which splits carbs
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what do mucus cells of the salivary produce
mucus to help lubricate
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what are the accesory organs
- salivary
- liver
- gall
- pancreas
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list the parts of the alimentary canal 8
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
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where are goblet cells found
large intestine
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what are the layers and functions of the alimentary canal
- mucosa - protection,secretion,absorb
- submucosa-nourishes, transports
- muscularis-movements
- serosa- protection,lubrication
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what is the location and fucntion of the submucosal plexus
controls secretions and is located in the internal part of the digestive systems
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where is the myentric plexus and whats its funtions
controls motility through muscular layer located below the submucosa
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what two things does the large intestinehave that the small does not
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what are the four main pats of the large intestine
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
- anal canal
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what is the cecum
the beginning of the large intestine which is like a pouch
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what is the appendix
no digestive process except may store useful bacteria
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