the inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from infomation you learned about the event elsewhere
source misattribution
Confusion of an even that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened
confabulation
True or False? Because they are so vivid, falshbulb memories remain perfectly accurate overtime
False
Vivid recollections of emotional and important events
flashbulb memories
Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information (declarative memory)
Example: location of parked car/ Santa's 8 reindeer
explicit memory
the ability to retireve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material
recall
the ability to identify previously encountered material
recognition
Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions
Example: mulitplication table
implicit memory
a method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task
priming
a method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material
relearning method
A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel.
Parallel Distributed Processing Model (PDP)
Alberta solved a crossword puzzle a few days ago. She no longer recalls the words in the puzzle, but while playing a game of Scrabble, she unconsiously tends to form words that were in the puzzle, showing that she has ______________ memories of some of the words.
implicit
The three basic memory processes are __________, storage, and ____________.
encoding, retreival
On obejction to traditional information processing theories of memory is that, unlike most computers, the brain performs many independent operations ____________.
simultaneously
A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
Sensory Register
In the three-box model of memory, a limited-capacity memory system involved in the retention of informaion for brief periods; it is also used to hold information from long-term memory for temporary use
Short-Term Memory (STM)
a meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units
chunk
In many models of memory, a cognitively complex form of short-term memory; it involves active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task
Working Memory
In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Memories for the performance of actions of skills ("knowing how")
Example: braiding hair, riding a bike
procedural memories
Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events; they include semantic and episodic memories
declarative memories
Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions
Example: 12 months in a year, 365 days in a year
Semantic Memories
Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occured
Example: 16th birthday, first kiss, wedding day, funeral
episodic memories
The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of times in the middle of the list
Example: presidents
Serial-position effect
A long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory
Long-term potentiation
The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and relatively stable
Consolidation
Brain Area: Formation, consolidation, and retrieval of emotional memories
Amygdala
Brain Area: Short-term memory and working-memory tasks
Frontal lobes
Brain Area: Efficient encoding of words and pictures, working memory, source monitoring
Prefrontal cortex, parts of temporal lobes
Brain Area: Formation of long-term declarative memories; aids in the retrieval of specific memories; may bind together diverse elements of a memory so it can be retrieved laster as a coherent entity
Hippocampus
Brain Area: Formation and retention of simple classically conditioned responses
Cerebellum
Brain Area: Storage of long-term memories, possible in areas involved in the original perception of the information
Cerebral Cortex
strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse of a formula
mnemonics
True or False? Hormone research suggests that if you want to remember well, you should be as relaxed as possible while learning
False
Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
elaborative rehearsal
in the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical of sensory features of a stimulus
deep processing
the theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies better to short-term than to long-term memory
Decay theory
Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
Retroactive interference
Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material
Proactive interference
The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall
cue-dependent forgetting
The tendency to remember something when they rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience
state-dependent memory
The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mood and overlook or forget experiences that are not
Mood-congruent memory
the partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information
amnesia
In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious
Repression
Wilma has been a long-time fan of the country singer Tim McGraw. Later, she meets an interesting guy named Tom McGraw, but she keeps calling him Tim. Why?
Proactive interference
The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life
Childhood (infantile) amnesia
process of accessing stored information
retrieval
Where are procedural memories located in the brain?