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i. Fermentation
1) What is the method?
2. It releases energy from __or other organic molecules, like __, etc; does not require __ nor does it require __; uses organic molecule as the __; and produces only __
Glucose-->pyruvic acid--> converted to organic product with regeneration of NAD+ and NADP+
- oxygen
- the Krebs cycle or ETC
final electron acceptor
small amounts of ATP
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1. During fermentation, elecrons are transferred from __ to __, which are reduced to __
2. An essential function of the second state is to ensure a steady supply of __ and __
- reduced coenzymes
- pyruvic acid
- end products
- NAD+ and NADP+
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1. Lactic acid fermentation
- a. Pyruvic acidà reduction to NADH to form lactic acid
- b. Small amount of energy produced
- c. Homolactic produce only lactic acid
- d. Heterolactic produce a lot more than lactic acid
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1. Alcohol fermentation
- a. Pyruvic acidà acetaldehyde and 2 CO2à acetaldehyde reduced to NADH to from ethanol
- Low-energy yield
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i. Lipid and Protein Catabolism
1. Microbes produce extracellular enzymes called __that break fasts down into their __ and __
2. Krebs cycle functions in the __
- lipases
- fatty acid and glycerol components
- oxidation of glycerol and fatty acids
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1. Proteins are too large; and so, __ and __ need to break down proteins into their __, which can cross membrane
a. Before catabolism of amino acids, they must be converted by __, __, and __
- proteases and peptidases
- component amino acids
- deamination, decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation
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i. Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs
- 1. Phototrophs use light as primary energy source
- 2. Chemotrophs use redox reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy
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a. Autotroups use __; heterotrophs use __
b. Autotrophs: __
c. Heterotrophs: __
- CO2
- organic carbon
- lithotrophs
- organotrophs
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i. Photoautotrophs
1. The hydrogen atoms of water are used to __, and __ is given off; because this __process produces __, it is __
2. Some cannot use __to reduce __ and cannot carry on __when __is present; their photosynthetic process doesn’t produce O2à __
- reduce CO2
- oxygen gas
- photosynthetic
- O2,
- oxygenic
- H2O
- CO2
- photosynthesis
- oxygen
- anoxygenic
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i. Photoheterotrophs
1. Use light as a source of energy but cannot __; rather, they use as sources of __
- convert carbon dioxide to sugar
- carbon organic compounds
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i. Chemoautotrophs
1. Use electrons from __ as a source of energy, and they use __as their principle source of carbon; they __ in the __
2. The energy derived from the __ is stored in __, which is produced by __
- reduced inorganic compounds
- CO2
- fix CO2
- Calvin-Benson Cycle
- oxidation of these inorganic compounds
- ATP
- oxidative phosphorylation
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i. Chemoheterotrophs
1. Use electrons from __ in organic compounds as their energy source
2. Classified according to source of organic molecules
__ versus __
- hydrogen atoms
- Saprophytes versus parasites
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