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What are the Guiding principles in animal research?
- 1. Reduce
- 2. Refine
- 3. Replace
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Over __ of the animals used in our labs are ____. The remaining _ includes fish, ferrets, pigs, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits and non human primates.
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What 5 things are involved in Bioengineering?
- 1. Biomaterials
- 2. Biomechanics
- 3. Biomedical Imaging
- 4. Bioinstrumentation
- 5. Tissue Engineering
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Bioengineered teeth from cultured ______.
rat tooth bud cells
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Institutions conducting animal research have 2 responsibilities:
1. to the public- to conduct the research in a humane fashion in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and best standards of care.
2. to the animals- to constantly seek alternatives, to refine the research methods, and to avoid or alleviate pain or distress whenever possible
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____ monkeys have been taught to control a robot arm using brain signals alone.
Rhesus
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_____ is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels that penetrates into cancerous growths.
Tumor angiogenesis
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7 Angiogenesis inhibitors
- 1. Endostatin
- 2. Angiostatin
- 3. Sunitinib (sutent)
- 4. Interferon
- 5. Metalloproteinases
- 6. platelet Factor
- 7. Thalidomide
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2 major breast cancer susceptibility genes
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Most frequently mutated gene in human cancer
p53 mutants: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
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p53 null mice have a ______ incidence and ______.
High tumor incidence and short lifespan
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the physical environment of the secondary enclosure
Macroenvironment
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The immediate physical environment surrounding the animal
Microenvironment
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AAALAC
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
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OLAW
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
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USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
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Recommended __ Bulb Macroenvironmental Temperatures for Common Laboratory Animals
Dry
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Recommended Humidity
30-70%
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Use of _____ air is not recommended
Recycled
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Recommended fresh air exchanges ____ in animal rooms
10-15/hr
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4 factors affecting temps/humidity
- 1. bedding materials
- 2. Animals per cage
- 3. Frequency of cage changing
- 4. Forced ventilation or static caging
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these cages have forced, filtered air. This decreases the build up of ammonia levels, dander, and particulates and allows longer time between cage changes
Ventilated
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these are usually filtered cages but have no forced air. Cage changing for these cages will be more frequent.
Static
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support, care, and use areas are adjacent to animal housing
Centralized
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animal housing and use is not sole use of space or physically spa rated from support areas
Decentralized
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5 Resource Management
- 1. Human resources
- 2. Fiscal
- 3. Capital
- 4. Info
- 5. Time management
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Why are Rats and mice the most commonly used species in biomedical research? 4 reasons
- 1. Small size
- 2. High reproductive capability
- 3. Ease of handling
- 4. Availability of special "breeds" called strains
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3 things if you know you have allergies to rodents.
- 1. Wear PPE (personal protective equipment) consisting of mask, gloves and gown
- 2. Discard PPE and wash hands well
- 3. Leave room if necessary
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3 things if you do not know you are allergic to rodents
- 1. Wear gloves
- 2. Wash hands
- 3. outerwear worn inside a rodent room be used for that purpose only. (protects others from reactions to allergens on your clothing
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3 types of handling techniques
- 1. Tail hold (mouse, rat)
- 2. Scruff hold (mouse)
- 3. Body hold (rat)
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3 restraint devices
- 1. plexiglas restrainer
- 2. Decapicone
- 3. Centrifuge tubes
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3.Pros to chemical restraint
- 1. No movement
- 2. Good access anywhere on body
- 3. Short or long periods
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4 cons to chemical restraint
- 1. must monitor anesthetic depth
- 2. Vaporizers are expensive
- 3. Chemical anesthetics
- 4. Anesthetics may cause vasoconstriction
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7 things on cage id
- 1. investigators name
- 2. Species
- 3. strain
- 4. vendor
- 5. age
- 6. sex
- 7. arrival date
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6 methods of Individual techniques
- 1. Ear tags
- 2. Ear punches
- 3. Tail tattoos
- 4. Toe amputation (hairless neonates only)
- 5. nontoxic dyes
- 6. shave patterns into fur
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Distance between anus and genital papilla in males is twice that in females
Anogenital Distance
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Oral meds- 2 ways
- 1. some meds can be placed in water bottle
- 2. sweet flavored antibiotic can be given by dropper in back of mouth
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4 Research techniques
- 1. SQ
- 2. Intraperitoneal
- 3. Tail vein
- 4. IM
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Blood Volume of Mouse
10-80 ml/kg or approx. 5.5% of body weight
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Blood Volume of rat
50-65 ml/kg or 6-7%
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5 Blood collection locations
- 1. Lateral tail vein
- 2. Ventral tail artery
- 3. Saphenous vein
- 4. Retro-orbital venous sinus
- 5. Cardiac puncture
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the act of inducing a painless death
Euthanasia
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11 criteria to be considered
- 1. Painless method
- 2. time it takes to produce unconsciousness
- 3. Time until death
- 4. Reliability of method
- 5. Repeatability of method
- 6. Personnel safety
- 7. stress on animal
- 8. Non-reversibility
- 9. Cpmpatible with scientific protocol
- 10.Aethetically acceptable
- 11. Drug availability and abuse potential
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3 ways to minimize fear and apprehension
- 1. use gentle restraint and handling
- 2. use tranquilizers or sedatives
- 3. prevent conscious animals from observing the euthanasia of others especially their own species
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3 Modes of action of Euthanasia methods
- 1. Hypoxemia of brain tissues
- 2. Depression of vital brain centers
- 3. physical damage to brain tissue
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2 inhaled agents for euthanasia
- 1. Isoflurane
- 2. Carbon dioxide
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2 injectable agents for euthanasia
- 1. Barbituates
- 2. Potassium chloride
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6 physical methods of euthanasia
- 1. captive bolt pistol
- 2. microwave irradiation
- 3. gunshot
- 4. cervical dislocation
- 5. exsanguination
- 6. liquid nitrogen
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Large commercial vendors. Generally have high quality assurance and supply animals guaranteed free of certain infectious diseases.
Approved Vendor
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Universities, hospitals, private labs. QA variable. often only source of rare strains of designer mice
Nonapproved vendor
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to stop breeding and introductions of new animals while allowing a colony to be infected by and recover from a disease agent.
Burn out
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Acute outbreak; usually associated with clinical signs. EX: Mouse Pox virus
Epizootic
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Disease exists within the colony but usually at a subclinical level. EX: Mouse Parvo
Enzootic
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an inanimate object that transmits a disease agent. EX: bedding, gloves
Fomite
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a living thing that transmits a disease agent. EX: Mosquitos
Vector
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2 Common viruses
- 1. Mouse Hepatitis
- 2. Mouse parvo/minute virus
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One uncommon virus.
1. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice
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2 Rare viruses
- 1. Ectromelia virus
- 2.Sendai virus
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the big 5 of viral diseases
- 1. Mouse hepatitis
- 2. Mouse Parvo
- 3. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice
- 4. Ectromelia
- 5. Sendai
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4 Mouse Bacterial diseases
- 1. Helicobacter (common)
- 2. Corynebacterium bovis (common)
- 3. Staphylococcal (Common)
- 4. Citrobacter rodentium (uncommon)
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4 miscellaneous diseases and conditions of mice
- 1. Malocclusion
- 2. Fight Wounds
- 3. B6 Dermatitis
- 4. Barbering
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common virus of rats
1. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)
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Less Common Bacterial disease of Rats
1. Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis
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Common Fungal Disease of Rats
1. Pneumocystic carinii
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2 Common Endoparasitic Disease of Rats
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Uncommon Ectoparasitic disease of rats
Ornithonyssus bacoti
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2 viruses of hamsters
- 1. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Rare)
- 2. Lawsonia intracellularis (common)
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Endoparasitic disease of hamsters
1. Pin worms (Common)
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Uncommon Ectoparasitic disease in hamsters
2. mange (Uncommon)
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3 Bacterial diseases of Guinea pigs
- 1. Pneumonia (Uncommon)
- 2. Chlamydial conjunctivitis (Common)
- 3. Cervical lymphadenitis (rare)
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Rare Ectoparasitic disease in Guinea pigs
Mange
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4 rodent species used in research
- 1. Mouse
- 2. Rat
- 3. Syrian hamster
- 4. Guinea pig
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Largest order of mammals
Rodentia
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All of the teeth are open rooted and grow continuously throughout life
Hipsodontic incisors
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Most common animal used in biomedical research
mouse
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genetically diverse lines typically maintained by a rotational mating scheme to maximize heterozygosity and to minimize brother-sister mating
Outbred stocks
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breeding mice that are closely related to produce offspring that are genetically identical
Inbred strains
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6 things about Genetically engineered mice
- 1. Transgenics
- 2. Targeted mutants
- 3. Designer mice
- 4. Used as animal models of human diseases
- 5. Immune status often unknown
- 6. Always inbred
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Second most commonly used animal in biomedical research
Brown rat
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Third most commonly used animal in biomedical research
Syrian Hamsters
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Not often used in research but used for tuberculosis studies, VIT C metabolism, preg complications
guinea pigs
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kind of water they use
Tap water
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4 water treatments
- 1. reverse osmosis
- 2. Autoclaving
- 3. Acidification
- 4. Hyperchlorination
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3 methods of water delivery
- 1. Automatic water delivery systems
- 2. Water bottles
- 3. sipper sacks
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3 types of bedding in use
- 1. Corncob
- 2. Cellulose products
- 3. Wood pulp or chips
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7 Husbandry issues
- 1. Overcrowding
- 2. Fight Wounds
- 3. Wet cages
- 4. Preg failures
- 5. Poor breeding performance
- 6. Ammonia odor in room
- 7. Thin, hunched posture
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