Nutrition Ch 6

originates from a well and is collected without mechanical pumping. The well must tap a confined aquifer, and the water level must stand at some height above the top of the aquifer. An aquifer is an underground layer of rock or sand with water

has fluoride added within the limits established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

from an underground source that is under pressure greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure

contains at least 250 ppm total dissolved solids (minerals) that are naturally present, not added

produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or other suitable processes to remove minerals and other solids. It may also be referred to as "demineralized" water. Purified is not synonymous with "sterile"

contains a "fizz" from carbon dioxide that was either present in the water when it emerged from its source or was present, removed in processing, and then replaced. Carbon dioxide levels cannot exceed the amount present in the original water. Seltzer, tonic water, and club soda are carbonated soft drinks that contain sugar and calories; they are not types of sparking water.

comes from an underground source that flows naturally to the surface. It must be collected at the spring or through a bored hole that taps the spring underground.

meets USP requirements under "sterility tests"

collected with a mechanical pump from an underground aquifer

1) 30 mL/kg body weight

(59.1 kg * 30 mL/kg =  1773 mL/d)

2) 1 mL/cal consumed

(2000 cal/day * 1 mL/cal = 2000 mL/day)

3) Provide 1500 calories for the first 20 kg of weight and 15 mL/kg for each remaining kg.

(59.1-20= [39.1*15]+1500 mL = 2086)

Calcium, phosporus, and magnesium provide structure to bones and teeth

Phosphorus, potassium, iron, and sulfur provide structure to soft tissues

Sulfur is a constituent of skin, hair, and nails

Sodium, potassium, and chloride maintain fluid balance

Sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate are part of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system that regulates blood pH.

Phosphorus is involved in buffer systems that regulate kidney tubular fluids

Sodium and potassium are involved in transmission of nerve impulses

Calcium stimulates muscle contractions

Sodium, potassium, and magnesium stimulate muscle relaxation

Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12

Magnesium is a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes. 

Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxine

Chromium enhances the action of insulin

Processed foods; canned meat, vegetables, soups; convenience foods; restaurant and fast foods

Fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, maintains muscle irritability, regulates cell membrane permeability and nerve impulse transmission

Rare, except with chronic diarrhea or vomiting and certain renal diorders; nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, apathy

Hypertension, edema

Canned tomato products, sweet potatoes, soy nuts, pistachios, prunes, clams, molasses, yogurt, tomato juice, prune juice, baked potatoes, cantaloupe, legumes, orange juice, bananas, peanuts, artichokes, fish, beef, lamb, avocados, apple juice, raisins, plantains, spinach, asparagus, kiwifruit, apricots

Fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission, catalyst for many metabolic reactions, involved in skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

Muscular weakness, paralysis, anorexia, confusion (occurs with dehydration)

(from supplements/drugs)

Muscular weakness, vomiting

1 tsp salt = 3600 mg Cl

Same sources as sodium

Fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, component of hydrochloric acid in stomach

Rare, may occur secondary to chronic diarrhea or vomiting and certain renal disorders: muscle cramps, anorexia, apathy

Normally harmless; can cause vomiting

Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sulfur

Iron

Zinc

Iodine

Selenium

Copper

Manganese

Fluoride

Chromium

Molybdenum

Milk, yogurt, hard natural cheese, bok choy, broccoli, Chinese/Napa cabbage, collards, kale, okra, turnip greens, fortified breakfast cereal, fortified orange juice, legumes, fortified soy milk, almonds

Bone and teeth formation and maintenance, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability, blood pressure

Children: impaired growth

Adults: osteoporosis

Constipation, increased risk of renal stone formation, impaired absorption of iron and other minerals

All animal products (meat, poultry, eggs, milk), ready-to-eat cereal, dried peas and beans; bran and whole grains; raisins, prunes, dates

Bone and teeth formation and maintenance, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, cell membrane structure, regulation of hormone and coenzyme activity

Unknown

Low blood calcium

Spinach, beet greens, okra, Brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, bran cereal, dried peas and beans, halibut, tuna, chocolate, cocoa

Bone formation, nerve transmission, smooth muscle relaxation, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity

Weakness, confusion; growth failure in children

Severe deficiency: convulsions, hallucinations, tetany

No toxicity demonstrated from food 

Supplemental Mg can cause diarrhea, nausea, and cramping.

Excessive Mg from magnesium in Epsom salts causes diarrhea

All protein foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, dried peas and beans, nuts)

Components of disulfide bridges in proteins; component of biotin, thiamin, and insulin

Unknown

In animals, excessive intake of sulfur-containing amino acids impairs growth

Enhanced when consumed at the same time as:

• Vitamin C-rich foods, such as orange juice or tomato products
• Heme iron found in meat, fish, and poultry

Nonheme iron absorption is impaired when consumed at the same time with: 

• Coffee
• Tea
• Calcium
• Phytates found in dried peas and beans, rice and grains
• Oxalates found in spinach, chard, berries, and chocolate

Beef liver, red meats, fish, poultry, clams, tofu, oysters, lentils, dried peas and beans, fortified cereal, bread, dried fruit

Oxygen transport via hemoglobin and myoglobin; constituent of enzyme systems

Impaired immune function, decreased work capacity, apathy, lethargy, fatigue, itchy skin, pale nail beds and eye membranes, impaired wound healing, intolerance to cold temperatures

Increased risk of infections, apathy, fatigue, lethargy, joint disease, hair loss, organ damage, enlarged liver, amenorrhea, impotence

Accidental poisoning in children causes death

Oysters, red meat, poultry, dried peas and beans, fortified breakfast cereals, yogurt, cashews, pecans, milk

Tissue growth and wound healing, sexual maturation and reproduction; constituent of many enzymes in energy and nucleic acid metabolism; immune function; vitamin A transport, taste perception

Growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, anorexia, delayed wound healing, taste abnormality, mental lethargy

Anemia, elevated low-density lipoprotein, lowered high-density lipoprotein, diarrhea, vomiting, impaired calcium absorption, fever, renal failure, muscle pain, dizziness, reproductive failure

Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products

Component of thyroid hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

Goiter, weight gain, lethargy

During pregnancy may cause severe and irreversible mental and physical retardation (cretinism)

Enlarged thyroid gland, decreased thyroid activity

Brazil nuts, tuna, beef, cod, turkey, egg, cottage cheese, rice, enriched and whole wheat bread

Component of antioxidant enzymes, immune system functioning, thyroid gland activity

Enlarged heart, poor heart function, impaired thyroid activity

Rare; nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hair and nail changes, nerve damage, fatigue

Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grains, cocoa products, drinking water

Used in the production of hemoglobin; component of several enzymes; used in energy metabolism

Rare; anemia, bone abnormalities

Vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage

Widely distributed in foods; best sources are whole grains, oat bran, tea, pineapples, spinach, dried peas and beans

Component of enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and in bone formation

Rare

Rare; nervous system disorders

Fluoridated water, water that naturally contains fluoride, tea, seafood

Formation and maintenance of tooth enamel, promotes resistance to dental decay, role in bone formation and integrity

Susceptibility to dental decay; may increase risk of osteoporosis

Fluorosis (mottling of teeth), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain, itching

Broccoli, grape juice, whole grains, red wine

Cofactor for insulin

Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance

Dietary toxicity unknown

Occupational exposure to chromium dust damages skin and kidneys

Milk, legumes, bread, grains

Component of many enzymes; works with riboflavin to incorporate iron into hemoglobin

Unknown

Occupational exposure to molybdenum dust causes gout-like symptoms

6 glasses of water or at least half of total fluid intake

3 - 4 cups of unsweetened tea and coffee

2 glasses of low-fat milk

4 oz of 100% fruit juice

alcohol - no more than one drink daily for women and one to two for men

"diet" beverages w/ artificial sweeteners are not recommended but up to 1 - 2 glasses daily can be consumed

Less than 5 mg

less than 35 mg

less than 140 mg

At least 25% less sodium compared with a standard serving size of the traditional food

50% less sodium than the traditional food (restricted to more than 40 calories per serving or more than 3g fat per serving)

less than 5 mg

No salt added during the processing (this does not necessarily mean the food is sodium free)