a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
motivation
a complex behavior that rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct,
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
drive- reduction theory—
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
homeostasis—
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
incentives
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychiological needs become active.
hierarchy of needs
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
glucose
the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight.
set point
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
basal metabolic rate
desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard.
achievement motivation
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
James-Lanange theory
the theory that an emotiotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Cannonon-Bard theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognftively label the arousal.
two-factor theory
the tendency of facial muscle slates to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness.
facial feedback effect
Today's evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is that
a. physiological needs arouse psychological states
b. genes predispose species-typical behavior.
c. physiological needs increase arousal.
d. external needs energize and direct behavior.
1. b
An example of a physiological need is _______
An example of a psychological drive is _______
a. hunger; a "push" to find food
b. a "push" to find food; hunger
c. curiosity; a "push" to reduce arousal
d. a "push" to reduce arousal; curiosity
2. a
. Jan walks into a friend's s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) _________(incentive/drive).
3. incentive
___________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
4. Arousal
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
a. very high. c. very low.
b. moderate. d. absent.
5. b
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are ________ needs.
a. safety
b. self-esteem
c. belongingness
d. self-transcendence
6. a
7. Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861-1951) once remarked, "Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry." Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss).
According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This "weight thermostat" is ___________.
8. homeostasis
Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?
a. An aversion to eating cats and dogs
b. An interest in novel foods
c. A preference for sweet and salty foods
d. An aversion to carbohydrates
9. c
The blood sugar _______ provides the body with energy. When it is_______ (low/high), we feel hungry.
glucose; low
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the ____ ______ rate.
basal metabolic
Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that
a. dieting triggers neophobia.
b. the set point of obese people is lower than average.
c. with dieting, metabolism increases.
d. there is a genetic influence on body weight.
12. d
Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?
a. Students who rated themselves as "very happy" also tended to have satisfying close relationships.
b. Social exclusion—such as exile or solitary confinement— is considered a severe form of punishment.
c. As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents and to yearn for an affiliation with them.
d. Children who are extremely neglected become with- drawn, frightened, and speechless.
14. c
The __________-_____________ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
James-Lange
Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will
C.
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of
C.
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is know as the ________ __________effect.
facial feedback
• Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for ea- easy or well learned tasks. (1) How might this phenomenon affect runners? (2) How might this phenomenon affect anxious test-takers facing a difficult exam? (3) How might the performance of anxious students be affected by relaxation training?
ANSWERS: (1) Runners tend to excel when aroused by competition. (2) High anxiety in test-takers may disrupt ti performance. (3) Teaching anxious students how to relax before an exam can enable them tt° perform better
what are these?
• Insulin,
• Ghrelin
• Leptin.
• Orexin
• PYY
a. appetite hormones
b. appetite suppressing hormones
c. enzymes
d. names of disney characters
The appetite hormones
To indicate the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and energy use.
D. settling point
adaptive for our ancestors by protecting them from potentially toxic substances.
neophobia
Which THREE of the following five strategies help prevent unwanted weight gain?
a. Proper sleep
b- Regular exercise
c. Eating the heaviest meal in the evening
d. Eating with friends
e. Joining a support group
ANSWERS: a., b., e.
• Social networking tends to _____(strengthen/weaken) your relationships with people you already know, ______(increase/decrease) your self-disclosure, and ________(reveal/ hide) your true personality.
ANSWERS: strengthen; increase; reveal
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, k pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur _______(simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur ___________(simultaneously/sequentially).
ANSWE WERS:: simultaneously; sequentially (first the physiological response, and then the experienced emotion)
• According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: (1) physiological arousal and (2) ______appraisal.
ANSWER: cognitive
Theory
Explanation of Emotions
Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Example
We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.
D. James-Lange
Explanation of Emotions
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
Example Our heart races at the same time feel afraid.
A. Cannon-Bard
Explanation of Emotions
Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
Example
We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.
E. Schachter-Singer
Explanation of Emotion:
Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.
Example
We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling a threat.
C. Zajonc; LeDoux
Explanation of Emotions
Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")—sometimes without our awareness-defines emotion.
Example
The sound is "just the wind."
A. Lazarus
______________ (Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior.
ANSWER: Women
• Are people in different cultures more likely to differ in their interpretations of facial expressions, or of gestures?