Biology Test 2 (Chapter 4, 5, & 6)

Explain the composition of the cells membrane

Requires energy (by cell or organism)

• A specialized type of diffusion, involving the passage of water across a semipermeable membrane, moving an area of greater concentration of lesser concentration. 
• No energy is required

• "cell eating" the cell takes in solid material
• amoeba's do this

• 1. All living things are made up of cells
• 2. Cells are the fundamental units of life
• 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells (bio genesis)

He named cells "cells"

the packaging and modifying center of the cell-takes goods (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) is receives from the ER and sorts them, modifies them or packages them in a membrane (sorts nucleus and modifies, them according to their protein in the cells)

• Complex organelle found in plants (and some protistans)
• Has green pigment chlorophyll 
• Site of photosynthesis

• States that the mitochondria and chloroplast were once free living organisms (probably bacteria)
• Explains the hypothetic origin to coming into being of eukaryotic cells

• 1. large vacuoles
• 2. Cell Walls
• 3. Chloroplasts

Consists of the main stages: Interphase/ Mitosis

• During cell growth and DNA Replication
• Chromosomes uncoiled (chromatin), cell carries out normal activities, but prior to cell division, chromosomes one replicated

Cell Division

• To carry heredity instructions to tell the cells what to do
• Organisms genetic material associated with protein

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

• Chromosome (chromotids sisters) are separated
• Separated from their center
• They move to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers moving there

Division of cytoplasm

• Protein that acts like a catalyst
• An organic catalyst, usually a protein

• The enzyme is specific for 1 particular reaction, it will not speed up any other reaction

• Location on enzyme when substrate binds
• A location on an enzyme molecule when the reactants come together and react

• Enzymes increase the rate of reactions
• Make the process speed up

Activation energy (energy required for a reaction) is lowered when any catalyst is used

• To store and release energy, to work 
• =energy molecule, required for all cellular process

• 1. Can be reused
• 2. Specificity
• 3. Speed up reactions 

Photosynthesis 

endergonic reaction

Chlorophyll is a pigment that traps light energy

• Carbon dioxide helps to form glucose (Food and sugars) for the plant
• ATP provides energy to drive these reactions, CO2 is incorporated with precursors already to form sugars. NADPH releases the hydrogen captured in the light reactions to be incorporated into sugar

carries hydrogens between light dependent and light independent reactions

cellular respiration

• 1. Glycolysis-located in the cytoplasm broken down to pyruvate and 2 ATP molecules are made
• 2. The electron transport system located in the mitochondria, where the most ATP is made

In the mitochondria 

In the Mitochondrian 

• 1. Occurs when no oxygen is available
• 2. Allows glycolysis to keep operating
• 3. Muscle cells, some bacteria and some fungi under go fermentation
• 4. Glycolysis part of fermentation

• Occurs when no oxygen is available
• A 2 carbon alcohol and CO2
• Anerobic

• Occurs when no oxygen is available
• A 3 carbon lactic acid
• Anaerobic

• 1. Food- almost everything we eat comes from plants
• 2. Oxygen- oxygen we breathe is derived from photosynthesis
• 3. Medicines- many are extracted from plants
• 4. Wood- used for concentration, furniture, firewood, and other uses 

involves some individuals of any kind of plant living an asexual phase, uses spores

A plant with conductive tissue, has inner tubes to transport materials 

conducts food (sugars) generally from the leaves to the other parts of the plant

• 1. Dernal Tirssue
• 2. General Tissue
• 3. Vascular Tissue 

like skin for protection

much of the interior of plant organs, for food making, storage support 

Like pipes, carry water, minerals, sugary food

• 1. Minocot
• 2. Dicot

• Fibrous root system
• No main roots

• Tap root system
• One main root

• Perform the task of absorbing water and minerals for the plant
• Tiny epidermal (skin) extenstions
• Located on young growing roots

• 1. Support the leaves and flowers
• 2. Transport material's between root and leaves 
• 3. (in some) produce food (as in cacti)
• 4. Store substances (ex. water storage in cacti, sugar storage in potatoes)

Photosynthesis or food manufacture (most important)

Tiny holes in leaf to allow for gases and water vapor exchange with outside

Made of cells that carry on photosynthesis 

• Often green
• Protects inner part of the flower

a reproductive structure that contains an embryonic plant and stored food, protected by the fruit 

By wind and animals

• 1. wind
• 2. Animals

growth outward, in diameter on roots and stems 

growth hormones making plant growth either slower or faster 

A plant growth movement toward something, like light