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fundamental premise of opera
sung music can heighten the emotional intensity of a dramatic text
operao = full drama set to music
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libretto
- the text that conveys the story of the opera
- written in poetic verse
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Gabrieli
- wrote for Oedipus rex
- only chorus's sung
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Mei
- wrote for oedipus rex
- all parts of greek tragedy = sung
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Galilei
- = temperment
- new style of solo singing
- single melody follows speech
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Stile rappresentativo
vocal expresseion b/w song and speech
pitchs/rhythms of voice match rhythms/accents/sentiments of text
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Camerata
song+speech +simple accompaniment
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First opera
- Dafne
- by Peri and Rinuccini
- florence
- 1958
- fragments
- Small orchestration
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L'euridice
- one by Pere (+melodious and lyrical)
- one by Caccini (+dramatic, +voices, +rhythmic)
both = earliest surviving complete opera
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Recitative style
- musically heightened speech
- invented by Peri
- speech song halfway b/w oratory and song
- basso continuo held
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Monteverdi
- Orfeo = first to win public acclaim (conductor)
- use of full orch, brass, woodwinds, specified when/where, inst interludes
- use of mythological stories w/ flowing melodies = groundbreaking
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Monody
- solo singer w/ basso continuo
- strophic mostly
- music represents dif situations, emotions, types of speech
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center of operatic devel
rome
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Early opera in Venice, 1st public theatre (1637)
Led to what imp changes?
- +stardom/wealth
- composers tailor to stars
- librettists tailor to audience
- Elaborate sets/staging
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Le nuove musiche (1602)
- Caccini = 1st to describe early baroque vocal ornaments
- 1st composer to write ornaments directly in score
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Arioso style
style of singing halfway b/w recitative and full-blown Aria
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Aria
song, ayre, more florid, expansive, melodious than a recitative or arioso
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